The review, led by Shah Mohammad Naimul Islam and colleagues at Gazipur Agricultural University and Bangladesh Agricultural University, organizes interplant communication into three principal pathways: direct plant-to-plant signaling, plant-to-microbe-to-plant signaling, and communication mediated by volatile organic compounds. These channels function as complementary wired and wireless systems. The wired components include vascular tissues such as the phloem and xylem, which carry systemic signals within a plant, and direct root-to-root contacts that allow the movement of water, nutrients, proteins, and nucleic acids between neighbors. The wireless components are the airborne chemical messages that plants release into the atmosphere and detect without any physical contact at all.

The volatile channel is perhaps the most striking. When a plant is damaged by a herbivore or infected by a pathogen, it emits a cocktail of volatile organic compounds, including green leaf volatiles, terpenoids, and methyl jasmonate. Neighboring plants perceive these compounds through specific surface receptors, which trigger intracellular MAP kinase cascades and transcription factor networks that switch on defense genes before any attacker arrives. In effect, a wounded plant broadcasts a warning that allows healthy neighbors to pre-arm their defenses. The biosynthesis of these volatiles is itself regulated by environmental conditions such as temperature, light, and humidity, meaning the signal content changes with the context in which it is produced.

The review highlights a vivid agricultural example from maize. When maize plants are attacked by the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, they release mono-, homo-, and sesquiterpenes that recruit natural enemies of the pest, including the parasitoid wasp Telenomus remus, thereby extending protection to surrounding plants. Some plants go further, producing extrafloral nectar in response to volatile cues, which attracts, retains, and increases the efficiency of predatory bodyguards. These indirect defenses illustrate how a chemical conversation between plants and insects can cascade into community-level protection, a phenomenon researchers are now trying to harness in biological pest control programs.

Beneath the soil, an entirely different conversation is underway. The rhizosphere, the narrow zone of soil influenced by roots, is a densely communicative interface where plants secrete organic compounds, including volatile acids, flavonoids, lipids, oligosaccharides, peptides, and proteins, to recruit beneficial microorganisms. Legumes release flavonoids that guide Rhizobium bacteria in forming nitrogen-fixing nodules, while phosphorus-stressed plants exude strigolactones, carotenoid-derived hormones that stimulate spore germination and hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which then colonize the roots and deliver phosphorus in exchange for carbon. Under stress, plants are now known to release so-called cry for help exudates that selectively attract plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria capable of producing phytohormones, antioxidants, and osmolytes that buffer drought and salinity.

Perhaps the most contested piece of the underground story is the common mycorrhizal network, the fungal web that can physically link the roots of neighboring plants. Experimental studies suggest these networks may transmit defense-related signals, including jasmonic acid and salicylic acid, and that carbon and nitrogen can move between connected plants, sometimes representing substantial fractions of a recipient’s nutrient pool. Yet the review is refreshingly candid about the uncertainties. A recent meta-analysis of arbuscular mycorrhizal networks found no, weak, or inconsistent effects on plant and fungal performance, and many studies have failed to distinguish hyphal-mediated transfer from simpler mechanisms such as diffusion through soil or root exudate uptake. Fungi may even allocate nutrients preferentially to larger, better-resourced hosts, amplifying rather than softening competition.

The authors also confront the popular mother tree hypothesis directly. Recent critical reviews have found no peer-reviewed evidence that mature trees preferentially channel resources or defense signals to their offspring through fungal networks, and reanalyses of foundational ectomycorrhizal studies suggest no definitive evidence for net carbon transfers that measurably benefit seedlings. Positive citation bias and overinterpreted results, the review notes, have contributed to misinformation about forest networks. This does not mean mycorrhizal communication is fantasy; rather, its ecological significance appears highly context-dependent, varying with fungal identity, host species, source-sink relationships, nutrient availability, and environmental conditions, and quantifying its real role in plant fitness remains an active research frontier.

Among the more surprising findings is the role of RNA as a long-distance messenger. MicroRNAs and small interfering RNAs can move between cells and through the phloem, silencing target genes in recipient cells and coordinating development, pathogen defense, and environmental responses. Plants can even take up exogenous miRNAs and deploy the Argonaute 1 and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 machinery to induce gene silencing in adjacent plants. Small RNAs are exchanged between parasitic plants and their hosts through the haustorium, the organ that links parasite to host, influencing host physiology. Newer classes of noncoding RNAs, including transfer RNA fragments, are emerging as additional players in stress responses, opening the possibility of engineering RNA-based signals to boost crop resistance to pests and pathogens.

Climate change threads through the entire review as a force that is simultaneously disrupting and amplifying these communication systems. Rising temperatures, drought, salinity, and elevated carbon dioxide alter the production and detection of volatile compounds and root exudates, and reorganize the plant-associated microbiomes that underpin stress resilience. Drought and heat stress elevate stress hormones and reactive oxygen species, redirecting plant signaling priorities from growth toward survival, while shifting precipitation patterns transform the belowground environment where chemical signaling occurs. At the same time, climate stress triggers the release of new exudate signals that recruit beneficial microbes, making plant-microbiome signaling an increasingly critical axis of adaptation in a warming world.

The practical implications are considerable. The review argues that intercropping systems, such as potato-onion and tomato combinations, can exploit volatile-mediated interactions that favor beneficial bacteria and increase biomass and phosphorus uptake. Root exudates and semiochemicals can act synergistically against soil-borne diseases like Fusarium and Phytophthora while promoting beneficial organisms such as Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Streptomyces. Conservation tillage that preserves mycorrhizal networks, combined with breeding for signaling traits, could reduce dependence on synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. Major questions remain, including the molecular identity of mobile signals and the ecological weight of fungal networks in nature, but the authors point to multi-omics technologies, field experiments, and systems-level modeling as the tools that will finally let researchers eavesdrop on the full conversation. What is already clear is that plants are not whispering into the void; they are running a distributed information network that sustains ecosystems and may help feed a changing planet.

Subject of Research: Interplant communication mechanisms and their ecological and agricultural significance

Article Title: Interconnected communication mechanisms in plants and their ecological functions and agricultural implications

Article References: Islam, S. M. N., Huda, N., Oaishi, M. A., Azad, M. A. K., & Sultana, R. (2026). Interconnected communication mechanisms in plants and their ecological functions and agricultural implications. Discover Plants, 3(1), Article 457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44372-026-00839-y

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s44372-026-00839-y

Keywords: plant communication, volatile organic compounds, common mycorrhizal networks, root exudates, plant-microbe interactions, RNA signaling, plant defense, rhizosphere, climate change, sustainable agriculture, intercropping, plant signaling