In recent thorough investigations into the subject, researchers have delved deep into the complex landscape of occupational stressors impacting critical care nurses during this global health crisis. The COVID-19 pandemic has proved to be a unique and extreme situation, exposing healthcare professionals to acute stressors which previously were not part of their daily routines. The nature of critical care nursing, already known for its demanding environment, has only intensified under the pressures of a pandemic.

Occupational stressors can be broadly categorized into different types, including emotional, operational, and environmental. Emotional stressors derive from the heavy emotional toll of treating severely ill patients, often lacking proper support systems. Operational stressors relate to the logistics of care delivery, where factors like inadequate resources, shifting protocols, and heightened risk of infection further compound the pressure on nurses. The environmental context, which includes issues such as chaotic work conditions and insufficient staffing, plays a significant role in exacerbating stress among these healthcare warriors.

Amidst these daunting challenges, coping strategies have taken center stage as a necessary focus for ensuring nurse resilience. Coping strategies vary widely among individuals based on their personality traits, experiences, and available support systems. Through the research findings, it has been revealed that some nurses lean on peer support, utilizing camaraderie among colleagues to share experiences and emotions. Others may resort to structured coping mechanisms such as mindfulness and relaxation techniques, which have been shown to mitigate anxiety and improve overall mental health.

The implementation of coping strategies has become increasingly vital as the pandemic stretches on indefinitely. Critical care nurses are tasked with making life-and-death decisions under extreme pressure, while simultaneously grappling with the high likelihood of exposure to the virus themselves. The emotional weight of loss, exhaustion, and moral distress can lead to burnout, making it imperative for healthcare institutions to foster healthy coping mechanisms among staff.

Furthermore, it’s crucial for healthcare administrators to address these occupational stressors proactively. Research highlights that institutions can help by providing ample resources, such as mental health support, flexible scheduling, and sufficient staffing levels. Equipping nurses with psychological support programs can significantly enhance their coping abilities, making them more resilient against the adverse effects of occupational stress.

On a broader scale, the general health of critical care nurses during the pandemic has been a focal point for healthcare studies. Researchers have found alarming correlations between high occupational stress and poor mental health outcomes, including increased instances of anxiety, depression, and PTSD among frontline workers. Consequently, there is an urgent need for surveillance of mental health trends among this population to inform future support initiatives.

Moreover, the participation of critical care nurses in research studies has expanded their voice in policymaking. As frontline experiences are documented through scoping reviews, healthcare systems can glean valuable insights targeted at enhancing working conditions for nurses. This data not only advocates for nurses’ well-being but also fortifies patient care by ensuring that nurses are at their best, both mentally and physically.

Additionally, strategic partnerships between hospitals and academic institutions are fostering a collaborative approach to tackling these issues. By bridging the gap between clinical practice and research, nurses’ experiences can drive the development of evidence-based practices that align with their needs. A focus on long-term health and wellness initiatives, rooted in research findings, is essential for preserving the workforce that plays such an integral role in healthcare.

As we navigate through the ongoing challenges posed by COVID-19, it remains critical to prioritize the health of critical care nurses. The resilience of these individuals can greatly influence the overall effectiveness of the healthcare system. Nurturing their mental and physical health through institutional support and recognition may very well determine the future of critical care nursing.

The findings of the ongoing studies emphasize that understanding occupational stressors and implementing effective coping strategies are equally beneficial for both the nurses and the patients they care for. Awareness of the unique challenges faced by critical care nurses will continue to evolve, highlighting the importance of adaptive strategies in an ever-changing environment.

In conclusion, as we continue to combat the repercussions of the pandemic, a concerted effort to address the well-being of critical care nurses is imperative. They are the unsung heroes in this fight, often facing unyielding stress and immense responsibility. By fostering environments conducive to mental health and resilience, we can ensure that they remain capable of providing the highest level of care in the years to come.

Subject of Research: Occupational stressors and coping strategies of critical care nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Article Title: Occupational stressors, coping strategies, and general health of critical care nurses during COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review.

Article References: Al-Qaisi, O., Alawayssah, R., Al-Ghabeesh, S. et al. Occupational stressors, coping strategies, and general health of critical care nurses during COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review. BMC Nurs (2026). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-026-04330-7

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1186/s12912-026-04330-7

Keywords: COVID-19, critical care nurses, occupational stress, coping strategies, mental health, healthcare workers.

Sepsis is a complex syndrome triggered by an infection that leads to systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction. This condition can escalate rapidly, leading to septic shock and death if not promptly diagnosed and treated. With the recognition that early intervention is key, healthcare practitioners, particularly nurses, play an indispensable role in recognizing early signs of sepsis, implementing standardized protocols, and maintaining ongoing patient assessment. However, this study highlights the discrepancies in knowledge among nursing professionals regarding the implementation of these critical interventions.

The research conducted at CHUK sheds light on the various factors that influence nurses’ understanding and management of sepsis. The study involved a comprehensive survey distributed among nurses working in ICU and HDU settings. Among the key findings were alarming patterns of inadequate knowledge concerning sepsis identification criteria and treatment protocols. This shortfall underscores the necessity for enhanced training and continuous professional development aimed at fostering better patient outcomes.

One of the essential aspects observed in the study was the importance of ongoing education regarding current best practices in managing sepsis. The findings reveal that despite some nurses having undergone initial training, many remain unaware of the latest guidelines issued by organizations such as the Surviving Sepsis Campaign. This gap in knowledge can result in inconsistent application of life-saving interventions and ultimately, poorer patient outcomes.

Additionally, the research emphasizes the significance of interprofessional collaboration. Effective communication between nurses and other healthcare professionals, including physicians and clinical pharmacists, is paramount in ensuring that sepsis management protocols are acknowledged and adhered to. The results indicated that the lack of standardized communication frameworks could lead to delays in treatment and increased mortality rates.

Moreover, the workload within ICU settings also emerged as a critical factor affecting nurses’ capacity to manage sepsis effectively. Overworked nurses may find it challenging to engage in continuous education and return to the basics of sepsis management. The pressures of high patient-to-nurse ratios can dilute the focus on acute patient evaluations, leading to missed early signs of infection that could escalate into sepsis.

This study not only highlights the existing failures but also explores potential solutions. One recommendation is the implementation of regular simulation training in sepsis management. Scenario-based training allows nurses to practice and reinforce their skills in a controlled environment, ultimately leading to improved confidence and better clinical practices. On-the-ground training is vital in fostering a culture where nurses feel empowered to act swiftly when faced with sepsis.

Publication of the findings in a reputable journal such as BMC Nursing provides an excellent platform for these insights to reach healthcare providers globally. The impact of this research extends beyond the borders of Rwanda; it serves as a call to action for health systems worldwide to review their training methodologies and approach towards sepsis management.

The implications of inadequate sepsis management are dire. Without a concerted effort to bridge the knowledge gap among nursing staff, the incidence of morbidity and mortality attributed to sepsis will remain unacceptably high. The dissemination of these findings urges immediate prioritization of educational interventions and collaborative practices within critical care units.

Another vital element that warrants attention is the role of technology in bolstering sepsis management protocols. As healthcare becomes increasingly digitized, there exists considerable potential for electronic health records (EHRs) and predictive analytics to flag potential sepsis cases early. By integrating decision-support tools into everyday nursing practice, hospitals can augment traditional assessments and improve their response times in critical situations.

Educating patients about sepsis also forms an essential component of the overall strategy to combat this disorder. Awareness campaigns aimed at patients and their families can help in recognizing early signs of sepsis, enabling quicker intervention. Encouraging patient engagement not only empowers them but also supports healthcare providers in managing sepsis more effectively.

Further research is also essential to see how varying education models for nurses might influence practice. The study recognizes that a one-size-fits-all approach may not be appropriate due to different learning styles and educational backgrounds found among nursing professionals. Future studies could explore models that tailor training to individual needs while emphasizing the importance of teamwork and communication in critical care.

In conclusion, the findings from Mukantwari et al. resonate beyond the initial survey results. Their work unveils fundamental weaknesses in the current educational structure and practice approaches among nurses in the ICU and HDU settings. The implications for both clinical practice and policy development cannot be overstated; consequently, stakeholders in healthcare must prioritize sepsis education as a strategic initiative. Addressing these gaps is not merely about improving nurse competency; it’s ultimately about saving lives.

As global health initiatives push for improved sepsis recognition and management, the lessons gleaned from this study at CHUK may serve as a significant stepping stone towards safeguarding patients across the globe. This commitment to ongoing learning and adaptation will be crucial as challenges in managing sepsis evolve with changing healthcare landscapes.

Subject of Research: Evaluation of nurses’ knowledge and practice regarding sepsis management.

Article Title: Evaluation of nurses’ knowledge and practice regarding sepsis management: “A case study of adult ICU/HDU setting at CHUK”.

Article References:

Mukantwari, S., Ingabire, F., Maniragena, A. et al. Evaluation of nurses’ knowledge and practice regarding sepsis management: “A case study of adult ICU/HDU setting at CHUK”.
BMC Nurs 24, 1270 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-03936-7

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DOI: 10.1186/s12912-025-03936-7

Keywords: sepsis management, nursing practice, ICU, HDU, critical care, education, healthcare, patient outcomes, interprofessional collaboration, technology in healthcare.

This cross-sectional study, published in BMC Nursing, presents alarming insights into how intensive care unit environments contribute to alarm fatigue. Utilizing a robust methodology, the researchers gathered data from various ICUs, aiming to encapsulate the breadth of experiences among nurses working in these high-stress settings. The findings revealed a dire need for healthcare institutions to confront the realities of alarm fatigue and consider strategic modifications to alarm systems and protocols.

One of the pivotal elements of the research revolves around the sheer volume of alarms that ICU nurses encounter on a daily basis. In the high-stakes environment of the ICU, where patients are often in critical condition, alarm systems are designed to facilitate rapid responses to potential emergencies. However, this well-intentioned safety measure has paradoxically led to desensitization among nurses, prompting alarming statistics that highlight the extent of the issue. Many nurses reported feeling overwhelmed, expressing that the frequency of alarms detracted from their capacity to prioritize patient care effectively.

The study delves into the psychological ramifications of alarm fatigue, which is not merely a matter of inconvenience. Nurses experiencing alarm fatigue may find themselves in a state of perpetual stress, leading to burnout and diminished job satisfaction. Alarm fatigue can engender a chronic state of hypervigilance; nurses, conditioned to respond to incessant alarms, may develop mechanisms to cope by ignoring certain alerts altogether. This response has profound implications on the quality of care received by patients, as critical alarms can be mistakenly disregarded, potentially leading to adverse outcomes.

In an effort to quantify alarm fatigue, Hohenwallner et al. employed validated assessment tools to gauge the impact on nurses’ mental health and patient safety. By correlating alarm fatigue with various outcomes, the researchers established a comprehensive portrait of how alarm fatigue manifests within ICU settings. One of the striking findings was the discrepancy in how different hospitals manage alarms, emphasizing a need for standardized practices in alarm management to minimize fatigue across the healthcare system.

Additionally, the researchers highlighted the importance of education and training in mitigating alarm fatigue. While technological advancements have equipped ICU environments with increasingly sophisticated monitoring systems, there remains a critical gap in the utilization and understanding of these systems among nursing staff. Training programs focused on effective alarm management could significantly reduce the burden of alarm fatigue, enabling nurses to discern high-priority alarms from those that can be safely ignored.

One innovative aspect of the study was the exploration of alarm prioritization strategies, which involve filtering alerts based on their urgency. Implementing such strategies could maximize the efficacy of alarms and minimize unnecessary notifications, fostering a more focused environment conducive to patient care. Hospitals are urged to adopt a tiered alarm system, which ranks alerts according to their clinical significance, and integrates nurse feedback into the design of these systems for optimal effectiveness.

The study underscores a collaborative approach as key to resolving alarm fatigue. Interdisciplinary teams that include nursing staff, physicians, and biomedical engineers can devise comprehensive strategies for managing alarms. Regular feedback from nurses could inform adjustments in alarm settings and thresholds based on real-world clinical experience, ensuring that the systems continue to serve their intended purpose without overwhelming the staff.

Surprisingly, the investigation also uncovered a correlation between alarm fatigue and staff retention, indicating that excessive exposure to alarms could drive nurses away from the profession entirely. The high turnover rates seen in ICU settings can strain patient care and contribute to a vicious cycle that perpetuates alarm fatigue. This emphasizes the urgency for healthcare institutions to act; failing to address alarm fatigue not only jeopardizes patient safety but also risks losing experienced and skilled professionals.

These findings come at a time when healthcare systems are examining high-performance models, placing patient comfort and safety at the forefront. Alarm fatigue serves as a reminder that the balance between technological advancement and human-centric care is delicate and should be carefully navigated. By prioritizing interventions that enhance nurse well-being and optimize alarm systems, healthcare facilities can foster a culture of safety and enhance overall patient outcomes.

The researchers advocate for policy changes that support the development of effective alarm management protocols, encouraging hospitals and healthcare systems to rethink their approach to alarm utilization. Innovative solutions must be tailored to the unique contexts of each ICU, integrating research findings and frontline experiences to create sustainable practices that combat alarm fatigue. It is essential that these policies prioritize both patient safety and staff wellness, ensuring an environment where nurses can thrive in their roles.

Ultimately, the implications of the study lead to a broader dialogue about technology and human factors in healthcare. Alarm fatigue is not merely a technical issue but a complex interplay between human psychology, clinical practice, and systemic variables. As the healthcare landscape continues to evolve, ongoing research is vital to develop adaptive strategies that safeguard both patients and nurses in the ICU environment.

In conclusion, the study by Hohenwallner et al. provides critical insights into alarm fatigue among ICU nurses, challenging the healthcare community to confront this pressing issue head-on. As alarms become a ubiquitous presence in healthcare settings, addressing alarm fatigue must be a priority. The findings of this research could reverberate throughout the healthcare system, providing a much-needed catalyst for change aimed at enhancing patient safety and supporting the vital work of healthcare professionals.

Subject of Research: Alarm fatigue among ICU nurses

Article Title: Assessment of alarm fatigue among intensive care unit nurses: a cross-sectional study.

Article References: Hohenwallner, A., Ufelmann, M., Ellermeyer, A. et al. Assessment of alarm fatigue among intensive care unit nurses: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nurs 24, 1157 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-03781-8

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1186/s12912-025-03781-8

Keywords: alarm fatigue, ICU, nursing, patient safety, healthcare technology, alarm management

The significance of this research lies not only in its findings but also in the implications it may have for patient care. Nurses, who are often the frontline caregivers, play a crucial role in delivering palliative care, yet they frequently report feeling ill-equipped to address the intricate needs of this patient population. As the study reveals, there is a pressing need to enhance the competencies of critical care nurses concerning pain management, communication, and the emotional support required during end-of-life scenarios.

What makes this study particularly compelling is the comprehensive nature of the research methodology. Through surveys and interviews, the researchers collected rich qualitative and quantitative data that shed light on the current state of knowledge among critical care nurses. The results paint a picture of a workforce passionate about providing exemplary care, yet hindered by a lack of formal education and resources regarding palliative strategies. This revelation is not just an oversight; it is a critical issue that demands immediate attention.

One of the most striking findings pertains to the barriers nurses face when attempting to incorporate palliative care into their practice. Among the obstacles identified are institutional policies that often prioritize curative measures over holistic approaches, limited access to educational resources, and insufficient interdisciplinary collaboration. These factors create an environment where the emphasis on traditional medical interventions overshadows the essential role of palliative care in improving patients’ quality of life.

Moreover, the nursing workforce is evolving. As the demographics of our population change, with an increasing number of chronic illnesses and an aging society, the demand for nurses equipped with palliative care skills intensifies. The current education and training programs must be reevaluated to adapt and meet this burgeoning need. The researchers advocate for the integration of advanced palliative care training within nursing curricula, which could fundamentally alter the skill set available within the critical care landscape.

In addition to educational reform, the research highlights the importance of fostering a culture of collaboration among healthcare professionals. The interdisciplinary approach to patient care brings various perspectives that enhance decision-making and implement more holistic treatment plans. By creating a supportive environment that emphasizes teamwork, critical care nurses can feel more secure in their role, thus enhancing their competencies in delivering effective palliative care.

Technology also plays a pivotal role in this initiative. In a world increasingly dominated by digital solutions, telehealth and online educational platforms can provide accessible training opportunities for critical care nurses. The integration of technology in education can facilitate continuous learning, ensuring nurses remain abreast of the latest palliative care practices and innovations. This flexibility can lead to improved care delivery, as nurses feel more confident in their skills and knowledge.

Patient and family education is another critical component that emerged from the research findings. Empowering critical care nurses to act as educators can have a profound impact on patient outcomes. When nurses are well-versed in palliative care principles, they can effectively communicate with patients and their families, helping them understand treatment options, potential outcomes, and the importance of setting realistic goals of care. This communication fosters trust and can significantly alleviate anxiety associated with critical illness.

Additionally, the study emphasizes the need for ongoing professional development, suggesting that hospitals and healthcare organizations implement regular training sessions and workshops focused on palliative care. By prioritizing continued education, institutions can support their nursing staff in mastering the complexities of this essential aspect of healthcare, ultimately leading to improved patient experiences and satisfaction.

Furthermore, the findings underscore the necessity of research into best practices for integrating palliative care into the critical care setting. While numerous studies have explored elements of palliative care independently, there is a need for rigorous investigations that deliberate on the unique challenges faced by critical care units. Such research could help generate evidence-based guidelines that are tailored to the distinct pressures and dynamics of critical care environments.

In closing, the study serves as a wake-up call for healthcare systems worldwide. Empowering critical care nurses through education, interdisciplinary collaboration, and technological advancements presents a unique opportunity to bridge existing gaps in palliative care. The potential benefits extend beyond the nursing workforce, positively impacting patient outcomes and redefining the patient care paradigm. As society’s understanding and appreciation of palliative care grow, it is imperative that our healthcare systems evolve in tandem to meet these needs effectively.

As we move forward, the road is clear. It is time for healthcare institutions to prioritize the education and empowerment of critical care nurses, enabling them to deliver the highest standard of palliative care. The consequences of inaction could be detrimental, further perpetuating the existing gaps that leave both patients and caregivers unprepared to navigate the complexities of serious illness. By advocating for meaningful changes, we can cultivate an environment where palliative care thrives, ensuring dignity and respect for every patient on their healthcare journey.

Ultimately, this study not only ignites discussion but serves as an essential stepping stone toward improved nursing practices in critical care and palliative care. As the dialogue continues, it is crucial for stakeholders, including nursing educators, healthcare institutions, and policymakers, to champion these necessary changes for the advancement of healthcare as a whole.

Subject of Research: Empowerment of critical care nurses in palliative care.

Article Title: Empowering critical care nurses: bridging knowledge gaps in palliative care.

Article References:

Almahrizi, H.A., Alaloul, F., Al Mamari, O.K. et al. Empowering critical care nurses: bridging knowledge gaps in palliative care.
BMC Nurs 24, 1127 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-03699-1

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1186/s12912-025-03699-1

Keywords: Critical Care, Palliative Care, Nurse Education, Empowerment, Patient Care Quality

Alarm systems in medical environments are essential for timely intervention. They monitor an array of physiological parameters, such as heart rate, oxygen saturation, and blood pressure, triggering alerts when deviations reach dangerous thresholds. Despite their life-saving potential, a significant portion of these alarms are false positives or non-actionable alerts, contributing to the overwhelming noise that defines many critical care units. This constant auditory stimulus can engender a state of sensory overload, diminishing the alertness of nursing students and seasoned professionals alike.

The recent cross-sectional study conducted among Palestinian nursing students delves deeply into how alarm fatigue is linked with crucial psychological dimensions including perceived stress levels, resilience, and coping behaviors during their clinical internships. Clinical internships, particularly in critical care units, are notoriously demanding and serve as a crucible where theoretical knowledge is tested against the realities of patient care. Within this setting, students must rapidly process complex information streams, make life-critical decisions, and maintain composure amid stressors like alarm fatigue.

Researchers measured perceived stress using standardized psychometric tools, revealing alarming correlations between high alarm exposure and increased stress indicators in students. This facet of the study underscores how the incessant barrage of alarms does more than just interfere with clinical duties; it elevates mental stress, which may compromise both learning outcomes and patient safety. When students are overwhelmed, their cognitive resources are taxed, impairing judgment and increasing the likelihood of errors.

The study’s exploration of resilience—a psychological resource that enables individuals to bounce back from adversity—provides insight into the variability of responses among nursing students. Some students exhibited remarkable resilience, effectively managing stress and maintaining clinical performance despite the challenging auditory environment. Conversely, others demonstrated reduced resilience, struggling to cope with the high-pressure atmosphere compounded by alarm fatigue. This dichotomy emphasizes the need for targeted support systems within nursing curricula.

Coping behaviors emerged as a critical mediator in the relationship between alarm fatigue and stress resilience. The study identified both adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies among students. Adaptive strategies included problem-focused approaches such as seeking peer support, practicing mindfulness, and developing alarm management techniques. Maladaptive behaviors, by contrast, involved avoidance, emotional disengagement, or diminished attention, which may exacerbate error rates and psychological distress.

Technological aspects of alarm systems present additional challenges. The prevalence of non-specific and overly sensitive alarms leads to a high number of false alarms, which significantly contribute to the fatigue phenomenon. Current alarm algorithms often lack the sophistication to discriminate between clinically relevant alerts and non-urgent notifications. This highlights a pressing need for engineering innovations to refine alarm systems, reducing unnecessary noise while preserving patient safety.

The study’s contextual focus on Palestinian nursing students offers valuable insights into how cultural, educational, and systemic factors intersect with alarm fatigue and psychological responses. Resource limitations and clinical workload in Palestinian hospitals may intensify the impact of alarm fatigue, presenting unique challenges compared to more resourced healthcare settings. These findings call for adaptable interventions tailored to diverse clinical environments and educational infrastructures.

Integrating alarm management education into nursing programs is a critical recommendation arising from this research. Training students to interpret alarm priorities, respond strategically, and employ resilience-building techniques could mitigate the adverse effects of alarm fatigue. Such curricular enhancements must be accompanied by institutional policies that address workload distribution and provide psychological support.

Furthermore, the study advocates for multidisciplinary collaboration among engineers, clinicians, educators, and psychologists to holistically address the alarm fatigue conundrum. Developing smarter alarm systems with adjustable sensitivity, incorporating machine learning to predict critical events, and designing user-friendly interfaces could revolutionize clinical alarm management in the near future.

From a psychological standpoint, embedding resilience training and stress management within clinical education emerges as a necessary evolution. Given that alarm fatigue contributes substantially to perceived stress, fostering coping mechanisms at an early career stage can enhance both personal well-being and clinical efficacy. Future research should explore longitudinal outcomes of such interventions on student performance and retention.

Alarm fatigue not only compromises immediate response to patient alarms but may also influence long-term career trajectories of nursing students. Excessive stress and burnout risk elevating turnover rates, particularly in demanding specialties like critical care. The study’s implications, therefore, extend beyond patient safety into workforce sustainability and healthcare quality improvement.

In synthesizing their findings, the authors argue for a paradigm shift in how alarm systems are perceived and managed within clinical education and practice. Recognizing alarm fatigue as a multifactorial issue requiring technical, organizational, and educational strategies is vital. Through proactive measures, healthcare institutions can safeguard both patient outcomes and the mental health of the next generation of nurses.

The research, by explicitly linking alarm fatigue with psychological metrics among nursing students, illuminates an underexplored domain with profound implications. It serves as a clarion call to the global healthcare community to recalibrate the balance between technological vigilance and human cognitive limits. Groundbreaking interventions stemming from this study have the potential to transform critical care units into safer, more supportive environments.

As healthcare continues to digitalize, the complexity and volume of data interactions will only intensify. Addressing alarm fatigue thoughtfully today will prepare nurses to navigate the increasingly intricate clinical landscapes of tomorrow. Ultimately, the study envisions a future where technological advancements and human factors work in concert to optimize both care delivery and healthcare provider well-being.

Subject of Research: Alarm fatigue and its psychological associations among nursing students during critical care clinical internships.

Article Title: Alarm fatigue and its association with perceived stress, resilience, and coping behaviors among Palestinian nursing students during clinical internship in critical care units: a cross-sectional study.

Article References:
Salameh, B., Abdallah, J., Malak, M.Z. et al. Alarm fatigue and its association with perceived stress, resilience, and coping behaviors among Palestinian nursing students during clinical internship in critical care units: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychol 13, 486 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-02809-7

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