The study, published in the open-access journal Heliyon, enrolled 88 individuals with a clinical diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease confirmed according to the UK Brain Bank criteria and treated them within a multidisciplinary inpatient program that was already part of routine clinical care at the institution. Because hospitalizations were restricted during the COVID-19 pandemic, recruitment stopped short of the planned 159 participants, and the final analyzed sample comprised 85 patients. The group was relatively young and early in the disease course, with a mean age of 56 years, an average disease duration of about 4.6 years, and a median Hoehn and Yahr stage of 2.5, indicating moderate bilateral involvement without severe disability. Two patients left the program because of medical complications and one died of a pre-existing cardiac condition between follow-up assessments, but no major adverse events or therapy-related complications were recorded during the intervention itself.

The rehabilitation regimen was demanding by design. For four weeks, five days a week, patients lived at the hospital and received a coordinated package of physical therapy, speech therapy and neuropsychological care, totaling roughly four hours of physical activity daily. Physical therapy was tailored to each patient’s functional examination but followed a structured template: strength training with free weights and machines twice a week targeting large muscle groups, stretching focused on the pectoral, hamstring, extensor and trunk rotator muscles, and balance training three times a week on unstable surfaces such as foam, balance boards and trampolines. Gait training, also conducted three times weekly, pushed patients to walk as fast as possible with long steps and coordinated arm movement, across flat, steep and irregular terrain, on treadmills, and under obstacle-avoidance and dual-task conditions. Aerobic conditioning could include walking, swimming or cycling.

Speech therapy addressed a dimension of Parkinson’s that is often overlooked: communication and swallowing. Patients were assessed for speech and swallowing dysfunction and, where needed, received orofacial exercises and phonation training involving sustained vocal emission at maximum intensity with progressive complexity. Swallowing training included laryngeal elevation and pharyngeal constriction exercises as well as work with a portable incentive spirometer, alongside practical guidance on posture, pacing, volume of food intake and diet consistency. These hour-long sessions ran five times a week. The neuropsychological component was stratified by cognitive reserve: patients with mild cognitive decline and minimal to mild depressive symptoms joined an eight-session cognitive training group, with two-hour sessions devoted to attention, visual and working memory, planning, visuospatial and visuoconstructive skills through tasks such as matching figures among distractors, recalling scene details, solving geometric puzzles and reading comprehension. Patients with affective disturbances were followed in support groups or individually, and some received hydrotherapy, virtual reality training or psychoeducational groups according to individual need.

The primary outcome was quality of life, measured with the Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire-39, a 39-item instrument covering eight dimensions: mobility, activities of daily living, emotional well-being, stigma, social support, cognition, communication and bodily discomfort. Scores range from 0 to 100, with lower values indicating better perceived health. Assessments were performed at baseline, immediately after the 30-day program, and at 90-day follow-up. Because pandemic restrictions prevented some patients from returning in person, 19 participants — about 22 percent of the follow-up sample — completed the PDQ-39 by structured telephone interview through the hospital’s telemedicine service, using the same standardized items and scoring procedures.

The results were striking. Immediately after the program, the mobility dimension of the PDQ-39 fell by an average of 20 points, from 47.3 to 27.3, and activities of daily living dropped by 14.9 points, both changes far exceeding the accepted minimally important differences of 3.2 and 4.4 points respectively for these scales. The total PDQ-39 score declined by 13.2 points, from 44.4 to 31.1. Every dimension improved significantly except social support, which was essentially unchanged. Effect sizes were large, with correlation coefficients of 0.62 to 0.76 for the key comparisons. By 90 days, the gains had not merely held but grown: mobility had fallen by 24.6 points relative to baseline, activities of daily living by 20.1 points, and the total score by 17.1 points, with effect sizes reaching 0.77 to 0.84. The 19 patients assessed remotely showed a consistent pattern, with a mean total-score reduction of 19.8 points.

Secondary outcomes reinforced the picture. On the MDS-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, the median score for daily-life activities fell from 14 to 8 and the motor examination score from 32 to 27 immediately after the program, changes sustained at three months. Balance, measured with the Mini-BESTest, improved by a median of two points, walking speed on the 10-Meter Walk Test rose from 111 to 128 centimeters per second, and Timed Up and Go times shortened from 9 to 8 seconds. Importantly, the levodopa equivalent daily dose — a standardized measure of total dopaminergic medication — did not change significantly over the study period, rising only from 513 to 525 milligrams per day. That stability matters, because it suggests the improvements were unlikely to be explained by medication adjustments.

The authors are careful about what this design can and cannot show. As a single-arm, non-randomized observational study, it cannot exclude placebo or Hawthorne effects, and some measures were self-reported. Recruitment was cut short by the pandemic, and the equivalence of telephone and in-person administration of the PDQ-39 was not formally tested, although the remotely assessed subgroup mirrored the overall findings. The patient group was also younger and earlier in disease than many rehabilitation cohorts, a profile partly dictated by the physical demands of the program, so caution is warranted in generalizing to older or more advanced patients. Adherence to home exercises after discharge was recommended but not systematically monitored, and longer follow-up will be needed to determine whether the benefits persist beyond three months.

Even with those caveats, the study carries practical weight. Inpatient rehabilitation offers an intensity of daily practice and a level of coordination among physical therapists, speech therapists and neuropsychologists that outpatient models rarely match, and the zero dropout rate during hospitalization suggests patients were motivated and engaged. The approach is expensive and resource-hungry, however, and in many countries inpatient rehabilitation is not considered for Parkinson’s until an acute event forces the issue. The authors argue that some elements — structured exercise protocols, patient education and coordinated multidisciplinary care — could be adapted to less intensive settings, and that investing in rehabilitation may ultimately reduce healthcare spending by limiting falls, immobility and the complications that drive the economic burden of the disease. For now, the message is that a concentrated month of coordinated, individualized rehabilitation can meaningfully change how people with Parkinson’s live, and that the change lasts at least long enough to matter.

Subject of Research: Effects of an inpatient multidisciplinary rehabilitation program on quality of life in Parkinson's disease

Article Title: Improvement in quality of life in Parkinson's disease after an inpatient rehabilitation program

Article References: de Almeida, P. N. S., Souza, N. M. F., Macedo, R. C., & Filho, J. O. (2026). Improvement in quality of life in Parkinson's disease after an inpatient rehabilitation program. Heliyon, 12(15), Article e45534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e45534

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: Not provided

Keywords: Parkinson's disease, inpatient rehabilitation, quality of life, multidisciplinary care, PDQ-39, physical therapy, speech therapy, neuropsychology, motor function, gait training, non-pharmacological treatment, neurodegeneration