The study, led by Huseyin Nezih Ozdemir, Iryna Klopotovska and Diego Kaski of the SENSE Research Unit in UCL’s Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, was conducted at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery in London between April 2025 and April 2026. Consecutive patients aged 18 and over arriving at the dizziness clinic underwent a structured ten-question interview before their clinical consultation. Crucially, the interviewer recorded answers about symptom timing, triggers, avoidance behaviours and behavioural responses before any diagnosis had been established. The final diagnoses were then made independently by a vestibular neurologist who was blinded to the interview responses, using established criteria from the Bárány Society and the International Classification of Headache Disorders. This design ensured that the behavioural data could not be contaminated by knowledge of the diagnosis.

The cohort of 109 patients had a mean age of 55.3 years, and 71.5 percent were female. Thirty-three patients were diagnosed with vestibular migraine, thirty-three with persistent postural-perceptual dizziness, fourteen with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and fifteen with orthostatic dizziness. Smaller groups included patients with central structural disorders such as posterior circulation stroke and other peripheral vestibular conditions including bilateral vestibular loss. When the researchers applied logistic regression to the interview data, four clear behavioural profiles emerged, each mapping closely onto the known biology of the underlying disorder.

The strongest single predictor belonged to vestibular migraine. Patients who reported that reading while travelling as a passenger in a vehicle brought on their dizziness were more than twenty times more likely to have vestibular migraine than any other diagnosis, with an odds ratio of 20.99. This finding fits with the idea that vestibular migraine reflects a heightened vulnerability to sensory conflict, the discordance between visual motion signals and vestibular input that occurs when the eyes track a page while the inner ear registers the movement of a car. It also builds on earlier work from the same group showing that motion sickness while reading in a moving car is highly predictive of the condition. For patients with persistent postural-perceptual dizziness, visually stimulating environments such as crowded, busy or visually complex settings were the strongest precipitating factor, carrying an odds ratio of 12.45, consistent with the disorder’s characteristic over-reliance on visual cues for spatial orientation.

The two remaining diagnoses produced equally distinctive patterns. For benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, head movements and positional changes were the dominant trigger, with an odds ratio of 11.51, exactly what would be expected from the abnormal movement of displaced calcium carbonate crystals, or otoconia, within the semicircular canals. Patients with orthostatic dizziness, by contrast, pointed to standing up quickly as their principal trigger, reflecting the transient drop in cerebral blood flow that occurs during orthostatic stress. In each case, the reported precipitant was not an arbitrary preference but a direct behavioural echo of the underlying mechanism: sensory conflict in vestibular migraine, visual dependence in persistent postural-perceptual dizziness, otoconial displacement in positional vertigo and cerebral hypoperfusion in orthostatic dizziness.

Avoidance behaviours proved just as diagnostic as triggers. Patients with vestibular migraine disproportionately avoided bright or noisy environments and sought refuge by resting in dark, quiet rooms, mirroring the visual and auditory hypersensitivity that characterises migraine more broadly. Those with persistent postural-perceptual dizziness avoided visually busy places such as supermarkets, crowded streets or scrolling screens, and notably reported trying to maintain their activity despite the symptoms, an effort to push through the persistent, physically non-disabling dizziness that defines the condition. Patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo reported deliberately avoiding quick head movements and staying still during attacks, an understandable strategy to prevent the violent, brief episodes of rotational vertigo that position changes provoke. Orthostatic dizziness patients avoided sudden standing and tended to sit or lie down slowly, a sensible countermeasure against orthostatic intolerance, although this particular association did not reach statistical significance, likely because of the smaller size of that subgroup.

Temporal patterns added a further layer of discrimination. Episodic dizziness was significantly associated with vestibular migraine, while patients with persistent postural-perceptual dizziness were far more likely to report continuous dizziness lasting days or longer, in keeping with the chronic nature of that disorder. Patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo characteristically reported brief episodes lasting seconds to minutes, matching its paroxysmal presentation. Although patients with positional vertigo and orthostatic dizziness tended to describe dizziness that comes and goes, these associations did not reach statistical significance, a limitation the authors attribute to the relatively small numbers in those diagnostic groups.

The clinical implications of the work are considerable. Because neuroimaging has limited utility in most cases of dizziness and definitive tests are lacking for many vestibular syndromes, diagnosis rests heavily on history taking, and patients’ descriptions of symptom quality are notoriously imprecise. Structured questions about avoidance and coping could capture dimensions of the patient’s experience that conventional symptom questions miss. Asking simply whether a patient avoids supermarkets, refrains from turning their head quickly, or retreats to a dark room when dizzy may sharpen diagnostic accuracy, shorten the long delays many patients experience before correct treatment, and potentially prevent progression to chronic dizziness. Beyond diagnosis, recognising these behaviours may help clinicians understand how the disorders impair daily and occupational functioning, since triggers such as bright environments or awkward head positions have been shown to interfere with work tasks and contribute to reduced productivity and absenteeism.

Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of the findings is that patients developed these behavioural signatures without any formal knowledge of disease mechanisms. The researchers argue that such adaptations arise intuitively through repeated symptom experience, which is precisely what makes them informative: they represent the body’s own experiment on the disorder, conducted over months or years. The behaviours therefore function as natural biomarkers, reflecting pathophysiology rather than clinical teaching. The authors also caution that avoidance behaviours can themselves contribute to disability, and identifying them may open the door to rehabilitation strategies that prevent deconditioning and fear-driven withdrawal from activity.

The study is not without limitations. The structured interview was not a validated instrument, several diagnostic subgroups were small, limiting statistical power for some response categories, and the single-centre design in a specialised London clinic may constrain generalisability. Larger cohorts will be needed to confirm the diagnostic value of these behavioural markers and to quantify their impact on patients’ functioning. Even so, the message is clear and potentially transformative for routine practice: when a patient says they feel dizzy, the clinician should ask not only what it feels like and when it happens, but what the patient does about it. The answers, this research suggests, may point directly to the diagnosis hiding behind one of medicine’s most vague and common complaints.

Subject of Research: Behavioural signatures as diagnostic clues in common vestibular disorders causing dizziness

Article Title: What patients do when they feel dizzy: behavioural signatures reveal diagnostic clues in common vestibular disorders

Article References: Ozdemir, H. N., Klopotovska, I., & Kaski, D. (2026). What patients do when they feel dizzy: behavioural signatures reveal diagnostic clues in common vestibular disorders. Journal of Neurology, 273(10), Article 587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-026-14133-0

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s00415-026-14133-0

Keywords: dizziness, vestibular disorders, vestibular migraine, PPPD, BPPV, orthostatic dizziness, avoidance behaviour, coping strategies, behavioural adaptation, diagnosis, vertigo, neurology