The research, conducted by Karuppusamy Priyadharshini and Subramaniapillai Niju of the Department of Biotechnology at PSG College of Technology in Coimbatore, India, addresses a stubborn problem in industrial wastewater management: most biological and electrochemical treatments excel at removing either suspended or dissolved organic matter, but rarely both. Brewery wastewater is particularly difficult because a large share of its chemical oxygen demand, or COD—a core measure of organic pollution—is dissolved rather than particulate. The team’s strategy was to split the workload. Electrocoagulation would strip out suspended solids and nutrients first, and a microbial fuel cell would then consume the remaining soluble organics, generating electricity as a by-product.

Electrocoagulation works by sacrificing an electrode. When a direct current passes through aluminum plates submerged in the wastewater, the anode corrodes electrochemically, releasing aluminum ions into solution. These ions hydrolyze to form aluminum hydroxide species—gelatinous, positively charged flocs known as ‘sweep flocs’—that attract, neutralize, and enmesh negatively charged colloids, suspended particles, and dissolved nutrients. The result is a dense sludge that settles readily, carrying phosphates, nitrates, and particulate organic matter out of the water. Compared with conventional chemical coagulation, the process adds no sulfate or chloride salts, produces less sludge, and requires only simple equipment.

Like any electrochemical process, however, electrocoagulation lives or dies by its operating conditions. Apply too little current and floc formation is sluggish; apply too much and energy costs spiral while the electrodes passivate. The initial pH governs the speciation of aluminum hydroxide and thus coagulation efficiency, while electrolysis time determines how much contaminant is captured. Rather than testing conditions one variable at a time, the researchers employed the Central Composite Design (CCD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM), a statistical framework that models the interaction between variables and locates the optimum with far fewer experiments. Their twin objectives were ambitious but practical: maximize COD removal while minimizing energy consumption per cubic meter of wastewater treated.

The optimization paid off. At a pH of 6.6, a current density of 13.2 milliamperes per square centimeter, and an electrolysis time of just 39.3 minutes, the process achieved a mean COD removal of 44.2 percent at an energy consumption of 11.14 kilowatt-hours per cubic meter. That COD figure may look modest, but the composition of the remaining pollution tells a more encouraging story. Under the same optimized conditions, the electrocoagulation stage removed 88 percent of total suspended solids, 71.6 percent of nitrate, and a striking 93.17 percent of phosphate. Soluble COD, by contrast, fell only 11.5 percent—confirming the team’s hypothesis that the bulk of brewery COD is dissolved and therefore largely invisible to coagulation chemistry. The electrochemical step was, in effect, expertly doing the wrong half of the job if deployed alone.

That is where the microbes come in. The researchers diluted the electrocoagulation-treated effluent to one-third strength and fed it into a dual-chambered microbial fuel cell fitted with an abiotic cathode. In a microbial fuel cell, electroactive bacteria colonize the anode and, in metabolizing organic matter, transfer electrons to the electrode instead of to oxygen or other dissolved acceptors. The electrons flow through an external circuit to the cathode, producing usable current, while protons migrate across the membrane to complete the reaction. Because soluble organics are precisely what these exoelectrogenic bacteria eat, the MFC is the ideal complement to the coagulation stage.

The results validated the pairing decisively. The microbial fuel cell removed 91.9 percent of the COD remaining after electrocoagulation and delivered a peak power density of 11.81 milliwatts per square meter. The final effluent met discharge standards, meaning the two-stage system accomplished what neither stage could alone: electrocoagulation efficiently removed the suspended organic fraction and nutrients, while the bioelectrochemical stage polished off the soluble fraction and harvested a modest electrical dividend from the electrons liberated during microbial metabolism. The authors emphasize that the two processes are fundamentally complementary—each targeting the pollutant fraction the other misses.

The study also claims a methodological first. According to the authors, this is the first investigation to statistically optimize the electrocoagulation pre-treatment of brewery wastewater using CCD-RSM within a sequential electrocoagulation–microbial fuel cell configuration. That matters because electrocoagulation is energy-intensive, and its economics hinge on running it at the sweet spot where contaminant removal per kilowatt-hour is highest. By formally treating energy consumption as an optimization objective alongside COD removal, the study provides a template that other industries—dairies, distilleries, paper mills—could adapt for their own high-strength effluents. The funding came from India’s Department of Science and Technology under the KIRAN division’s Women Scientist Scheme A, reflecting a deliberate national investment in women-led applied research.

The broader significance extends beyond the laboratory numbers. Water scarcity and stringent discharge regulations are squeezing breweries worldwide, and conventional aerobic treatment of such strong effluent is expensive, energy-hungry, and generates substantial sludge. Hybrid electrochemical-bioelectrochemical trains invert that logic: the electrical step does the heavy lifting on solids and nutrients in under forty minutes, the biological step converts residual organics into electricity rather than requiring external aeration energy, and the optimized design keeps the power bill bounded. Power densities from microbial fuel cells remain modest compared with grid electricity, and scaling from bench-top dual-chamber reactors to full-scale basins is a formidable engineering challenge—electrode materials, membrane fouling, and microbial community stability all demand attention.

Still, the study offers something the field has often lacked: a statistically defensible, energy-aware integration of two complementary technologies, tuned on real brewery effluent and benchmarked against discharge standards. If subsequent pilot-scale work can preserve these efficiencies at volume, the humble brewery could evolve from an environmental liability into a demonstration site for wastewater treatment that cleans water, recovers nutrients, and squeezes a little electricity out of every drop of waste.

Subject of Research: Sequential electrocoagulation and microbial fuel cell treatment of brewery wastewater

Article Title: Optimization of electrocoagulation and integration of microbial fuel cells for brewery wastewater treatment

Article References: Priyadharshini, K., & Niju, S. (2026). Optimization of electrocoagulation and integration of microbial fuel cells for brewery wastewater treatment. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 28(10), Article 252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-026-03607-4

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s10098-026-03607-4

Keywords: brewery wastewater, electrocoagulation, microbial fuel cells, COD removal, response surface methodology, central composite design, water treatment, bioelectricity, aluminum electrodes, phosphate removal, total suspended solids, wastewater optimization