The review, led by joint first authors Robin Quagebeur and Emma De Schuyteneer, followed the PRISMA-ScR reporting guidelines and searched eleven databases for studies of individuals diagnosed with anorexia nervosa or atypical anorexia nervosa. To be included, a study had to examine negative affect, anxiety, or stress and report outcomes connected to eating-disorder symptoms. The team then sorted the resulting literature into four methodological families: retrospective self-report studies, which ask people to recall past experiences; qualitative studies, which capture lived experience in interviews and narratives; experimental studies, which deliberately provoke emotions under controlled conditions; and daily life studies, which use techniques such as ecological momentary assessment to sample feelings and behaviours in real time as people go about their routines. This taxonomy matters because each method answers a slightly different question, and the review shows that the answers do not always converge.

The experimental strand of the literature provides some of the clearest signals. When researchers induce negative emotions in the laboratory, for example by showing distressing films or asking participants to recall painful memories, people with anorexia reliably report intensification of disorder-specific cognitions: thoughts about weight, shape, dietary rules, and the perceived consequences of eating. In other words, the emotional state does not merely coexist with the illness; it appears to amplify the cognitive machinery that sustains it. This aligns with influential theoretical models of eating disorders, including the affect regulation model and the escape from self-awareness account, which propose that disordered eating behaviours function as maladaptive strategies for managing unbearable emotional states. The experimental evidence reviewed here gives those models a firmer empirical footing, at least for the cognitive component of the disorder.

Daily life studies, which capture behaviour where it actually happens, tell a more differentiated story. Across experience-sampling research, momentary negative affect is consistently associated with binge eating and with purging, the behaviours most directly tied to emotional escape and relief. Yet when the outcome is dietary restriction, the hallmark behaviour of the restrictive subtype of anorexia, the associations are mixed, with some studies finding that negative emotions precede restriction and others finding no reliable link or even the opposite pattern. The same inconsistency applies to physical activity, which for many patients becomes a compulsive means of burning calories. This heterogeneity suggests that restriction and compulsive exercise may not serve the same emotional functions across individuals, and that subtype differences, between the binge-purge and restrictive presentations of the illness, may be critical to understanding when emotion actually drives behaviour.

Anxiety emerges in the review as a particularly mealtime-bound phenomenon. Studies that measured anxiety in the moments surrounding eating found that it was often related to caloric intake, with anticipatory anxiety about eating, body concerns, and the social context of meals shaping how much food people consumed. This is a clinically intuitive but empirically important observation: for many individuals with anorexia, the plate itself is a threat cue, and the anxiety it provokes in the moment may directly determine whether a meal is completed, reduced, or avoided altogether. Interventions that target mealtime anxiety, such as supported meals and exposure-based approaches, therefore have a clear mechanistic rationale, and the review’s findings suggest that measuring anxiety at the moment of eating could help clinicians identify which patients need the most intensive support around food.

Stress, the third pillar of the review, proves to be the most methodologically tangled construct. Most studies relied on general stress paradigms, most prominently the Trier Social Stress Test, a standardized laboratory challenge in which participants deliver a speech and perform mental arithmetic before an evaluative panel. The effects of such challenges on eating-disorder behaviours were mixed, and the review highlights a striking divergence between subjective and physiological stress responses: what people reported feeling did not always match what their bodies were doing. Physiological stress is typically indexed through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, measured via the stress hormone cortisol, and through the sympathetic-adrenomedullary system and broader autonomic nervous system activity. Because self-reported stress and biological stress can come apart, studies that rely on only one channel may be systematically missing part of the picture, and the review argues that this dissociation is itself a key finding deserving of targeted research.

One of the review’s most sobering conclusions is how rarely the three constructs have been compared head to head. Negative affect, anxiety, and stress are conceptually overlapping but distinct: negative affect is a broad valence state, anxiety is a specific fear-oriented emotion often with anticipatory character, and stress encompasses both a psychological appraisal and a physiological response. Yet few studies measured more than one of these within the same design, which makes it impossible to say which construct is most tightly coupled to symptoms or whether they act through shared or separate pathways. The authors argue that future work should adopt multi-modal assessments, combining momentary self-reports with physiological monitoring, potentially including wearable sensors, so that the relative contributions of each affective state can be disentangled rather than assumed.

The methodological inconsistencies documented in the review are not trivial. Studies varied in how they conceptualized negative affect, anxiety, and stress, in the instruments they used, in the timing of their measurements, and in the symptom outcomes they reported. Retrospective questionnaires, for instance, are vulnerable to memory bias and to the way eating disorders distort self-perception, whereas ecological momentary assessment reduces recall demands but introduces its own burdens and reactivity. Experimental paradigms offer control but sacrifice ecological validity. The review’s framework, by making these differences explicit, gives the field a map of where its evidence is strong and where it is fragile, and it provides a template for how future studies could be designed to be comparable with one another rather than isolated data points.

For clinicians, the practical message is that emotional states are not background noise in anorexia nervosa; they are moment-to-moment modulators of symptoms. The strongest and most consistent associations involve the emotional amplification of disorder-specific thoughts and the triggering of binge-purge behaviour, while restriction and compulsive exercise follow more idiosyncratic patterns that may require individualized formulation. Timing interventions to moments of peak negative affect, teaching patients to recognize the emotional antecedents of their urges, and addressing mealtime anxiety directly all emerge as evidence-supported priorities. For researchers, the message is equally clear: the next leap in understanding will come from studies that measure mind and body together, in the same moments, in the same individuals, and that directly compare negative affect, anxiety, and stress rather than treating them as interchangeable labels for the same phenomenon.

As a scoping review, the study maps the terrain rather than pooling effect sizes, and the authors are careful about the limits of their conclusions. The translation from feeling to behaviour, they conclude, varies by context and by illness subtype, and the field’s understanding of the interplay between affective states and symptoms in anorexia nervosa will only advance with stronger methodological consistency. But the central insight stands out with unusual clarity for a body of literature this heterogeneous: in the moments when negative emotions, anxiety, and stress rise, the cognitive and behavioural symptoms of anorexia nervosa are close behind. Capturing those moments, in the laboratory and in daily life, may be the key to predicting, and ultimately interrupting, the cycles that keep the illness alive.

Subject of Research: Momentary associations of negative affect, anxiety, and stress with symptoms in anorexia nervosa

Article Title: The momentary associations of negative affect, anxiety and stress with symptoms in individuals with anorexia nervosa: a scoping review

Article References: Quagebeur, R., De Schuyteneer, E., Vergaelen, E., Presseller, E. K., & Vrieze, E. (2026). The momentary associations of negative affect, anxiety and stress with symptoms in individuals with anorexia nervosa: a scoping review. Journal of Eating Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-026-01744-1

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1186/s40337-026-01744-1

Keywords: anorexia nervosa, negative affect, anxiety, stress, eating disorders, ecological momentary assessment, binge eating, purging, dietary restriction, mealtime anxiety, scoping review, physiological stress response