The research team, led by Junfeng Ding of Suzhou Polytechnic University together with Xinhua Hou and Guiping Dou, framed their investigation around the Double ABCX model, a long-standing framework from family stress theory. In this model, a stressor — here, sleep problems — is appraised cognitively and emotionally by the individual, producing a response such as anxiety, while personal resources like resilience shape how the stress-coping process unfolds. This theoretical scaffolding led to three hypotheses: that sleep problems would correlate negatively with well-being, that anxiety would mediate the association, and that resilience would moderate the indirect pathway. Data were collected between September and October 2024, with ethical approval from Zhoukou Normal University and informed consent obtained from the children’s legal guardians.

Participants were recruited through cluster sampling, initially comprising 667 children, of whom 61 (9.14 percent) were excluded during data screening for incomplete responses. The final analytical sample of 606 children had a mean age of 11.09 years (SD = 1.00) and was 53.3 percent girls. Each child completed four self-report instruments: the Athens Insomnia Scale, an eight-item measure of sleep difficulties originally developed for adults but validated for use in Chinese adolescents; the short eight-item Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, scored on a six-point scale; the seven-item anxiety subscale of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), assessing symptom frequency over the past week; and the 25-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, which measured the capacity to maintain or restore psychological equilibrium under adversity. Internal consistencies were satisfactory for most measures, with Cronbach’s alpha values of 0.79 for the insomnia scale, 0.73 for the anxiety subscale, and 0.92 for the resilience scale, though the happiness questionnaire showed a relatively low alpha of 0.66.

Before testing hypotheses, the researchers took steps to guard against methodological artifacts. Harman’s single-factor test was used to assess common method variance, and an exploratory factor analysis found that the first unrotated principal component accounted for only 15.84 percent of total variance, well below the conventional 40 percent threshold. An independent samples t-test showed no significant gender difference in well-being, t(604) = 0.90, p = 0.370, so gender was excluded from further analysis. Age, which correlated significantly with well-being (r = 0.13, p = 0.001) and anxiety (r = −0.11, p = 0.007), was retained as a covariate. All continuous predictors were standardized via z-score transformation, so the reported coefficients represent the change in the outcome associated with a one-standard-deviation increase in the predictor.

The correlation matrix told a coherent story. Sleep problems correlated positively with anxiety (r = 0.43, p < 0.001) and negatively with both resilience (r = −0.35, p < 0.001) and well-being (r = −0.39, p < 0.001). Well-being was positively associated with resilience (r = 0.42, p < 0.001) and negatively with anxiety (r = −0.41, p < 0.001), while anxiety correlated negatively with resilience (r = −0.30, p < 0.001). These bivariate patterns set the stage for the central analysis: a moderated mediation model estimated with Hayes’ PROCESS macro, Model 58, using 5,000 bias-corrected bootstrap samples to generate 95 percent confidence intervals for direct and indirect effects.

The regression results supported the mediating role of anxiety. In the first equation, sleep problems strongly predicted anxiety (β = 0.46, 95 percent CI [0.37, 0.55], p < 0.001), and in the second, anxiety in turn predicted lower well-being (β = −0.20, 95 percent CI [−0.26, −0.14], p < 0.001), alongside a direct negative association between sleep problems and well-being (β = −0.16, 95 percent CI [−0.24, −0.09], p < 0.001). Resilience itself was a positive predictor of well-being (β = 0.26, 95 percent CI [0.20, 0.33], p < 0.001). Crucially, two interaction terms were significant: sleep problems by resilience predicted anxiety (β = 0.13, p = 0.001), and anxiety by resilience predicted well-being (β = −0.05, p = 0.029), indicating that the strength of the indirect pathway varied with children’s resilience levels.

Here the findings took an unexpected turn. When resilience was split into high (mean plus one standard deviation) and low (mean minus one standard deviation) groups, the positive association between sleep problems and anxiety was stronger among highly resilient children (β = 0.60, 95 percent CI [0.46, 0.73]) than among their less resilient peers (β = 0.34, 95 percent CI [0.24, 0.44]). Likewise, the negative association between anxiety and well-being was steeper in the high-resilience group (β = −0.25, 95 percent CI [−0.33, −0.17]) than in the low-resilience group (β = −0.15, 95 percent CI [−0.23, −0.08]). In other words, resilience did not buffer the pathway — it appeared to amplify it, a pattern the authors connect to the so-called dark side of resilience, in which higher resilience does not always confer protection and may sometimes intensify distress.

The overall indirect effect of sleep problems on well-being through anxiety was substantially larger for children with high resilience (indirect effect = −0.15, 95 percent CI [−0.23, −0.08], accounting for 48.4 percent of the total effect) than for those with low resilience (indirect effect = −0.05, 95 percent CI [−0.09, −0.03], accounting for 23.8 percent). The authors offer a tentative, explicitly speculative interpretation: highly resilient children may be more aware of or responsive to sleep-related difficulties, or may expend considerable effort trying to manage persistent problems, and this overinvestment could deplete limited coping resources, strengthening the anxiety-well-being association. They stress that the cross-sectional design makes such mechanistic explanations untestable in the present data.

Why does any of this matter? The authors point to epidemiological estimates suggesting that roughly 64 percent of Chinese children experience sleep problems, a figure that, combined with the established link between sleep quality and psychological functioning, underscores the scale of the issue. Prior research has tied childhood sleep difficulties to poor physical health outcomes such as obesity, impaired cognitive functioning, internalizing behavioral problems, and compromised social-emotional functioning. Within this landscape, the new study contributes something relatively rare: evidence from a Chinese pediatric sample about the potential psychological processes — anxiety as an appraisal of the sleep stressor, resilience as a modulating resource — that may underlie the sleep-well-being connection, rather than merely documenting the association itself.

The authors are careful about the study’s limits. The cross-sectional, non-experimental design precludes causal inference; all variables came from child self-report, with no objective or caregiver-reported sleep measures; potential confounders including socioeconomic status, health conditions, screen time, family functioning, and school characteristics were not assessed; and the low internal consistency of the happiness questionnaire may have attenuated some associations. The sample, drawn from two public primary schools in a single province, also limits generalizability. The practical suggestion that future interventions target both sleep quality and psychological factors such as anxiety and resilience remains, as the authors emphasize, a hypothesis for longitudinal and experimental research to test — not a recommendation that can yet be declared effective for improving children’s mental health.

Subject of Research: The association between sleep problems and well-being in Chinese children, mediated by anxiety and moderated by resilience

Article Title: The relationship between sleep problems and well-being among Chinese children: a moderated mediation model with anxiety as mediator and resilience as moderator

Article References: Ding, J., Hou, X., & Dou, G. (2026). The relationship between sleep problems and well-being among Chinese children: a moderated mediation model with anxiety as mediator and resilience as moderator. Frontiers in Psychology, 17, Article 1900442. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1900442

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1900442

Keywords: sleep problems, well-being, anxiety, resilience, Chinese children, moderated mediation, cross-sectional study, child mental health, Double ABCX model, Frontiers in Psychology, insomnia, bootstrap analysis

The research, published in Current Psychology by Qingna Du of South China Normal University, E. Scott Huebner of the University of South Carolina, and Lili Tian of South China Normal University, tracked 2,770 elementary school children over two years. The sample was 54.8 percent boys, with an average age of 8.90 years at the start of the study. Each child completed self-report assessments at four time points spaced six months apart, allowing the researchers to model not just snapshots of behavior but genuine developmental trajectories.

Student engagement, the outcome at the heart of the study, is a construct that psychologists typically divide into components. Here the authors distinguished cognitive-behavioral engagement—covering attention, effort, and participation in learning—from emotional engagement, which reflects children’s feelings of belonging and enjoyment at school. Both were measured with the Chinese version of the Delaware Student Engagement Scale-Student, a validated instrument for children’s self-reports. Parental phubbing was assessed with the Chinese Parents Phubbing Scale, and children’s online social activities were captured with the Online Social Activities Questionnaire.

The methodological centerpiece is a parallel process latent growth curve model, a structural equation technique that estimates two trajectories simultaneously: the starting level of a variable and its rate of change over time. By modeling parental phubbing and both engagement components as parallel growth processes, the team could ask whether children whose parents phubbed more at baseline started lower in engagement, and whether increases in parental phubbing over the two years predicted steeper declines in engagement. The approach also handles missing data with modern maximum-likelihood estimation, and the authors report model fit against conventional cutoff criteria for structural equation models.

The results were consistent across both engagement components. Children whose parents reported higher initial levels of phubbing started lower in both cognitive-behavioral and emotional engagement, with standardized coefficients ranging from −0.12 to −0.15, all statistically significant. More striking were the coupling effects between the trajectories themselves: developmental change in parental phubbing was negatively related to change in both types of engagement, with standardized coefficients between −0.30 and −0.40. In practical terms, when parental phone snubbing intensified over the two years, children’s school engagement declined in step—and the magnitude of that coupling was substantially larger than the baseline association.

The theoretical framing draws on social learning theory, which holds that children acquire behaviors by observing models around them, and on the compensatory internet use perspective, which proposes that people turn to online activity to escape unmet psychological needs. The authors also invoke self-determination theory, in which autonomy, competence, and relatedness are basic needs whose frustration undermines motivation. A parent absorbed in a phone sends a signal of unavailability; a child starved of responsive interaction may seek connection elsewhere, including online.

That is precisely the mediating mechanism the study set out to test, and here the gender findings emerge. Online social activities partially mediated the relationship between parental phubbing and both engagement components—but only among boys. For boys, the indirect effects through online social activity ranged from −0.04 to −0.08 and were statistically significant. For girls, no such mediation was detected. In other words, part of the reason phubbed boys disengage from school appears to run through their migration toward online socializing, whereas girls’ disengagement follows other routes the study did not capture.

The gender asymmetry is consistent with a broader literature on sex differences in digital behavior and emotion regulation. Prior work has documented that boys and girls differ in how they use online communication, in their susceptibility to problematic smartphone use, and in the strategies they deploy to regulate emotion. The authors also note developmental evidence that emotional engagement trajectories and their correlates diverge by gender during the elementary years. Whatever the underlying cause, the practical implication is that a one-size-fits-all intervention is unlikely to work: reducing parental phubbing may need to be paired with different supports for boys, who appear to channel the deficit into online social activity, than for girls.

The study’s strengths are considerable. Four waves of data over two years in a large, demographically broad sample of Chinese children give the growth curve models real traction, and the parallel process design moves the analysis beyond simple cross-sectional correlation toward genuine developmental dynamics. The use of validated Chinese-language instruments for all three constructs reduces measurement noise, and the authors report no conflicts of interest, with ethics approval from South China Normal University’s research ethics committee and informed consent from participants and their parents.

Limitations remain, as the authors acknowledge. All data are self-reported by children, which invites shared-method variance, and the observational design cannot rule out reverse causation—disengaged children may provoke more parental phone use, or unmeasured family stress may drive both. The sample is limited to Chinese elementary students in a cultural context where academic engagement carries particular weight, so generalization to other settings requires caution. Still, the core message is hard to dismiss: the phone a parent cannot put down is quietly associated with a child’s shrinking investment in school, and for boys, the escape route runs through the screen. The work was supported by the National Social Science Fund of China, and the authors suggest that gender-specific interventions targeting both parental behavior and children’s online habits could help protect engagement during these formative years.

Subject of Research: Longitudinal effects of parental phubbing on student engagement in Chinese elementary school children

Article Title: Longitudinal associations among parental phubbing, online social activities, and student engagement in Chinese children: highlighting gender differences

Article References: Du, Q., Huebner, E. S., & Tian, L. (2026). Longitudinal associations among parental phubbing, online social activities, and student engagement in Chinese children: highlighting gender differences. Current Psychology, 45(20), Article 1632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-026-10188-4

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s12144-026-10188-4

Keywords: parental phubbing, student engagement, online social activities, gender differences, latent growth curve modeling, Chinese children, cognitive-behavioral engagement, emotional engagement, longitudinal study, developmental psychology, smartphone use, social learning theory

The sheer scale of the evidence base gives the finding unusual weight for a field often dominated by small regional surveys. Yet the pooled figure conceals enormous variability between studies, with an I-squared heterogeneity statistic of 99.7 percent, meaning nearly all the variance in reported prevalence reflects differences in study design, geography, diagnostic criteria, and population characteristics rather than sampling noise alone. Several regional estimates rested on a single study, so the authors caution that the true national picture may differ from the pooled average. Prevalence surged in parallel with rapid urbanisation and distinctive environmental exposures, a pattern consistent with the hygiene hypothesis and with documented rises in allergic disease across low- and middle-income countries undergoing swift economic transformation.

Beyond prevalence, the meta-analysis synthesised observational evidence on factors associated with allergic rhinitis, identifying a constellation of demographic, familial, clinical, and environmental correlates. Male sex emerged as a consistent demographic risk marker, echoing international findings that boys carry higher odds of allergic rhinitis during childhood, with the sex gap often narrowing or reversing after puberty. Caesarean delivery also appeared among the associated factors, a result that aligns with mechanistic hypotheses about birth mode and the developing immune system: infants born surgically miss exposure to the maternal vaginal microbiome, potentially altering early immune programming and skewing Th1-Th2 balance toward the allergic phenotype.

Family history proved among the strongest correlates. Parental allergy, family history of atopic disease, and personal asthma diagnosis each raised the odds of allergic rhinitis, consistent with the substantial heritability of allergic conditions and with the clinical reality that allergic rhinitis, asthma, and eczema frequently coexist as manifestations of a shared atopic diathesis. Antibiotic exposure during the first year of life was likewise associated with higher odds, a finding that fits hypotheses linking early disruption of gut microbiota to immune dysregulation, though the observational design cannot determine whether antibiotics themselves, the infections prompting them, or confounding factors such as healthcare utilisation drive the association.

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure, whether in the home or more broadly, was associated with increased odds of allergic rhinitis, adding to the extensive literature linking secondhand smoke to pediatric respiratory morbidity. Tobacco smoke irritates airway mucosa, impairs mucociliary clearance, and promotes inflammatory pathways that may sensitise the nasal epithelium to allergens. Having no siblings also emerged as a correlate, a result consistent with the hygiene hypothesis, which proposes that siblings bring infections and microbial exposures that train the developing immune system away from allergic responses. Home redecoration during infancy showed only a borderline association and should be interpreted cautiously, the authors note, since volatile organic compounds from paints and new furnishings have been proposed as respiratory irritants but the evidence here did not reach conventional thresholds of certainty.

Breastfeeding stood out as the one factor associated with lower odds of allergic rhinitis. Human milk delivers immunoglobulins, cytokines, and prebiotic oligosaccharides that shape the infant gut microbiome and support immune maturation, and prior cohorts have suggested protective or neutral effects on allergic outcomes. The meta-analysis result adds weight to the argument that breastfeeding may confer modest protection against allergic rhinitis in childhood, though the authors stress that observational associations of this kind are vulnerable to confounding by socioeconomic status, parental health behaviours, and reverse causation, and cannot establish causation.

The methodological apparatus behind the synthesis reflects contemporary standards for evidence appraisal. Study quality was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort and case-control studies and Joanna Briggs Institute criteria for cross-sectional designs. Meta-analysis employed random-effects or fixed-effect models depending on heterogeneity, and the team assessed publication bias, sensitivity, and between-study heterogeneity across the pooled estimates. The protocol was prospectively registered on PROSPERO under registration number CRD42024581359, providing transparency about the review questions and analysis plan before the literature search began.

The authors emphasise that the associations identified should not be read as causal. Because the included studies were observational, reverse causation, selection bias, and residual confounding remain plausible explanations for many of the reported relationships. Substantial heterogeneity across studies further complicates interpretation, since prevalence estimates varied markedly across regions and settings, and diagnostic criteria ranged from validated questionnaires such as ISAAC and SFAR to clinical diagnoses. The key message from the synthesis is that allergic rhinitis is common among Chinese children, that several early-life, familial, and environmental factors are associated with its occurrence, and that these relationships require confirmation in well-designed prospective studies before they can inform targeted prevention.

For clinicians and public health practitioners, the findings carry practical implications. A pooled prevalence of 16.1 percent suggests allergic rhinitis imposes a substantial burden on pediatric populations in China, with consequences for sleep quality, school performance, quality of life, and the risk of progression to asthma, a well-documented phenomenon known as the allergic march. The identification of modifiable correlates, particularly environmental tobacco smoke exposure and antibiotic use in infancy, points to potential intervention targets even before causal pathways are fully established. Reducing secondhand smoke exposure in households with children and promoting judicious antibiotic prescribing during the first year of life align with broader pediatric health goals and may plausibly reduce allergic disease risk, though definitive evidence will require longitudinal designs.

The study, published open access in BMC Pediatrics as a research article with no external funding, arrives at a moment of growing international attention to the pediatric allergy epidemic in rapidly urbanising societies. As China’s cities expand and environmental exposures shift, the trajectory of allergic rhinitis prevalence among children will depend on the interplay of genetic susceptibility, early-life microbial exposures, air quality, tobacco control, and healthcare access. This synthesis of more than 1.4 million children provides the most comprehensive snapshot to date of where that trajectory currently stands, and a benchmark against which future prevalence surveys and prospective cohort studies can measure progress in understanding and preventing one of the most common chronic conditions of childhood.

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Subject of Research: Prevalence and risk factors of allergic rhinitis in Chinese children

Article Title: Prevalence and risk factors of allergic rhinitis in Chinese children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Article References: Ke, H., Hao, C., Pu, X., Wei, P., & Yao, H. (2026). Prevalence and risk factors of allergic rhinitis in Chinese children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-026-07590-z

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1186/s12887-026-07590-z

Keywords: allergic rhinitis, Chinese children, meta-analysis, prevalence, risk factors, pediatric allergy, environmental tobacco smoke, breastfeeding, caesarean delivery, BMC Pediatrics, risk, factors

The technique at the center of the study, cardiovascular magnetic resonance, is widely regarded as the gold standard for measuring the heart’s structure and function. Unlike echocardiography, which relies on ultrasound beams that must be angled through the chest wall and can be distorted by poor acoustic windows, cardiac MRI captures the beating heart in full three dimensions. The researchers used a steady-state free precession sequence, often abbreviated SSFP, which produces bright blood pools against darker muscle tissue and allows the borders of the ventricles to be traced with high precision. From these tracings, the team could calculate end-diastolic volume, the amount of blood in each ventricle when it is fully relaxed; end-systolic volume, the amount remaining after contraction; stroke volume, the difference between the two; and ejection fraction, the fraction of blood expelled with each beat. Ventricular mass, essentially the weight of the heart muscle, can also be quantified directly from the images.

Establishing what is normal, however, requires more than sophisticated hardware. It requires a carefully screened cohort of healthy volunteers, and this is where the study makes its most distinctive contribution. The participants were enrolled at a single center in Lanzhou, in northwest China, with a median age of ten years and a range spanning from just three months to eighteen years. Recruiting very young children for MRI is a formidable logistical challenge, because the technique demands that subjects lie motionless inside a noisy magnet for several minutes at a time. Infants and toddlers typically require sedation or careful feeding-and-swaddling protocols, and ethical oversight is correspondingly strict. The study was conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, approved by the hospital’s institutional ethics committee, and written informed consent was obtained from participants or their legal guardians. All data were anonymized before analysis.

The analytical approach deserves particular attention because it shapes how the results will be used in clinics. Rather than reporting a single average value for each measurement, the researchers constructed age-related reference curves using the lambda mu sigma method, often called the LMS method. This statistical framework, originally developed for pediatric growth charts, models three parameters simultaneously: the median of the measurement at each age, the spread around that median, and the skewness of the distribution. The result is a smooth set of percentile curves, analogous to the height and weight charts pediatricians pin to their office walls, against which any individual child’s ventricular volume, mass, or wall thickness can be plotted. Because children’s bodies grow in bursts and at different rates in different tissues, such continuous curves capture physiological change far more faithfully than coarse age brackets alone.

The findings reveal a striking pattern of sex differences that emerges and disappears depending on the parameter and the age group examined. Across the entire cohort, boys showed significantly larger values than girls for the left ventricular long diameter, the anteroposterior diameter of the right atrium, the thickness of the left ventricular free wall, left ventricular mass, right ventricular end-diastolic volume, right ventricular stroke volume, and the indexed right ventricular end-systolic volume. When the researchers restricted their comparison to children aged six to twelve, the last four of these differences persisted, suggesting that the divergence in right ventricular size and pumping output becomes apparent during the early school years. Yet the picture is not uniform: in the youngest group, from birth to six years, and in the oldest group, from twelve to eighteen, biventricular functional reference values showed no statistically significant sex differences at all.

Perhaps the most clinically reassuring result concerns ejection fraction, the single most quoted number in cardiac imaging. For both the left and right ventricles, the age groups were statistically comparable, meaning that the heart’s pumping efficiency remains remarkably stable throughout childhood even as chamber volumes and muscle mass expand several-fold. This stability matters because it gives clinicians a relatively fixed target: a child whose ejection fraction drifts below the expected percentile band is signaling trouble regardless of age. By contrast, absolute volumes and masses must always be interpreted against the age- and sex-specific curves, since a right ventricular volume that is perfectly normal for a sixteen-year-old boy would be alarming in a toddler. The study’s stratified reporting, which presents values across defined age bands as well as continuous percentiles, is designed to support both styles of interpretation.

The right ventricle, in particular, stands to benefit from this new dataset. It is the ventricle most often implicated in congenital heart disease, from tetralogy of Fallot to pulmonary valve disorders, and it is also the chamber whose function is hardest to assess with ultrasound because of its crescent shape and position directly behind the sternum. Conditions such as arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, a rare but serious disorder in which heart muscle is progressively replaced by fat and fibrous tissue, are diagnosed in part by detecting subtle enlargement of the right ventricle. Without pediatric reference values, distinguishing early disease from normal variation has been one of the most difficult judgment calls in pediatric cardiology. Percentile curves derived from healthy children directly address this gap, giving follow-up protocols a quantitative anchor for deciding when a dilated ventricle truly warrants intervention.

The study also fills a population-specific need. Reference values for cardiac dimensions are known to vary with body size, body composition, ethnicity, and environmental factors, and most existing pediatric MRI norms have been derived from North American or European cohorts. Chinese children have historically been underrepresented in such databases, leaving clinicians in China and in Chinese diaspora communities to apply standards that may not perfectly fit. By enrolling a healthy Chinese pediatric population and reporting both raw and indexed measurements, the Lanzhou team has created a resource that can be cross-referenced against international norms, potentially illuminating how cardiac growth differs across populations and refining the global picture of pediatric cardiovascular development.

Several limitations are worth keeping in view. The cohort was drawn from a single center, which ensures consistent imaging protocols but means the curves may need validation in multicenter samples before being adopted universally. The published version is also an early-release, peer-reviewed accepted manuscript that will be replaced by a final version of record, so some details may be refined. Nevertheless, the core contribution is unlikely to change: a systematically acquired, openly accessible set of biventricular MRI reference values spanning the entire pediatric age range. Because the article is published open access under a Creative Commons license, clinicians and researchers anywhere can consult the full percentile tables without subscription barriers.

The broader significance of the work lies in how it converts a fundamental gap in medical knowledge into a practical tool. Growth charts for height and weight transformed pediatrics in the twentieth century by making deviation from normal visible at a glance. Reference curves for the child’s heart, built from magnetic resonance images of both ventricles, promise a similar transformation for pediatric cardiology in the years ahead. For the family of a child undergoing follow-up after congenital heart surgery, or for the teenager with an incidental finding on a sports screening, the difference between anxiety and reassurance may now rest on a curve drawn from hundreds of healthy hearts, each one imaged, measured, and folded into a map of what a growing heart should look like.

Subject of Research: Cardiac MRI reference values for biventricular structure and function in healthy children aged 0 to 18 years

Article Title: Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging reference values of biventricular structural and functional parameters for children aged 0–18 years

Article References: Li, S., Zhang, X., Wang, J., Tao, J., Guo, R., Zhang, H., Ma, Y., Yue, S., Liu, G., Wang, J., & Zhang, J. (2026). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging reference values of biventricular structural and functional parameters for children aged 0–18 years. BMC Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-026-07718-1

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1186/s12887-026-07718-1

Keywords: cardiac MRI, pediatrics, reference values, biventricular function, SSFP sequence, ventricular volumes, ejection fraction, LMS method, Chinese children, pediatric cardiology, growth charts, congenital heart disease