The research team, led by Effendy Bin Hashim of the University of Liverpool and Hospital Pakar Sultanah Fatimah in Malaysia, together with colleagues at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and several Malaysian hospitals, conducted semi-structured interviews with ophthalmologists, optometrists, and opticians. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically using an inductive-deductive approach with independent coding and AI-assisted verification. From the transcripts, the researchers synthesized five descriptive themes, which they conceptually mapped into four higher-order domains: environmental and institutional factors, family and socioeconomic factors, clinical and case-based practices, and communication and collaboration. The study complements earlier quantitative work that documented disparities in how often cycloplegia is actually used in pediatric practice.

The technical logic behind cycloplegia is straightforward but unforgiving. In children, the lens inside the eye is highly elastic and the accommodative reflex is strong; when a child fixates on a target during retinoscopy or autorefraction, the focusing system actively engages, and the measurement can overestimate hyperopia or underestimate myopia in ways that vary from moment to moment. Cycloplegic agents such as cyclopentolate block the muscarinic receptors of the ciliary muscle, eliminating this active accommodation and yielding a stable, repeatable refraction. Without it, clinicians risk prescribing lenses based on a moving target, which matters enormously in a developing visual system where an inaccurate prescription can affect amblyopia management and long-term visual outcomes.

Yet the interviews revealed that in practice, the decision to use cycloplegia is far from protocol-driven. Participants described pediatric refraction as operationally complex and time-intensive, particularly for children under the age of six, who may struggle to cooperate with drop instillation, tolerate the blur and light sensitivity that follow, or sit still for the extended examination that cycloplegia requires. Use of the drops varied according to patient age, case complexity, and practitioner confidence, and the researchers found that pragmatic, case-by-case decisions often replaced formal clinical protocols. Some eye care professionals even considered cycloplegia unnecessary in routine cases, a view that stands in tension with international guidance positioning it as the reference standard for pediatric refractive assessment.

One of the most striking findings concerns regulation rather than clinical judgment. In Malaysia, the interplay between the Optical Act 1991 and the Poisons Act 1952 creates ambiguity over who may access and administer diagnostic drugs, including cycloplegic agents. The researchers report that this regulatory uncertainty limits access to these drugs, particularly in the private sector, where optometrists and opticians may be uncertain about their legal scope of practice. The result is a system in which the professionals best positioned to provide rapid, community-level pediatric refraction may be unable to perform the gold-standard test, pushing families toward hospital-based services that are often more distant, more crowded, and more expensive.

That structural bottleneck compounds the socioeconomic barriers families already face. Participants described fragmented care pathways, with children shuttled through multiple referrals before reaching a clinician able to perform cycloplegic refraction, and out-of-pocket costs that weighed heavily on lower-income households. Each additional appointment represents lost wages, transport expenses, and time away from school, and the study found that these cumulative burdens constrained timely access to accurate refractive correction. In an urban region where uncorrected refractive errors are a significant cause of preventable vision impairment in children, delays in diagnosis translate directly into longer periods of blurred vision during the critical years of visual development.

The study’s design gives it particular credibility on the question of practice variation. By including all three cadres of eye care professionals, ophthalmologists, optometrists, and opticians, from both public and private sectors, the researchers captured the full landscape of pediatric eye care delivery in Kuala Lumpur rather than a single professional perspective. The thematic analysis, with independent coding and AI-assisted verification, and the publication of supplementary materials including a full audit trail, participant quote tables, and the semi-structured interview guide, reflect a methodological transparency that strengthens confidence in the findings. Ethical approval was obtained from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and Malaysia’s Ministry of Health Medical Research and Ethics Committee, and all participants were adult practitioners who gave informed consent.

The authors argue that the findings explain the underlying drivers of the practice disparities documented in their related quantitative research, and they point toward concrete solutions. Addressing the regulatory ambiguities that currently restrict access to diagnostic drugs, strengthening inter-professional collaboration between ophthalmologists, optometrists, and opticians, and developing integrated one-stop pediatric vision care models could, they suggest, enhance access, continuity, and equity of care. The goal is policy action that reduces avoidable childhood visual impairment through earlier and more accurate refractive correction, an aim with growing urgency as urban myopia rates climb across Asia and beyond.

The implications extend well beyond Malaysia. Many countries grapple with similar questions about scope of practice, drug access for non-physician eye care providers, and the tension between clinical standards and real-world feasibility in young children. The Kuala Lumpur findings suggest that the barriers to gold-standard pediatric refraction are not primarily about knowledge or willingness, but about systems: who is legally permitted to do what, how care pathways are organized, and whether families can afford the journey through them. As myopia becomes one of the defining public health challenges of the coming decades, studies like this one make the case that fixing children’s vision may depend less on new drugs or devices than on untangling the regulatory and structural knots that keep a simple, well-established diagnostic procedure out of reach.

Subject of Research: Barriers to pediatric cycloplegic refraction among eye care professionals in Kuala Lumpur

Article Title: Barriers and access to pediatric cycloplegic refraction: perspectives from eye care professionals in Kuala Lumpur

Article References: Bin Hashim, E., Mat Zin, N., Ungku Hassan, U. N. A., Mokhtar, N. H., Awang Abd Rahman, A., Mohd Yussuf, N., Waheeda-Azwa, H., & Morjaria, P. (2026). Barriers and access to pediatric cycloplegic refraction: perspectives from eye care professionals in Kuala Lumpur. BMC Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-026-07641-5

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1186/s12887-026-07641-5

Keywords: cycloplegic refraction, pediatric eye care, refractive errors, myopia, qualitative study, Malaysia, regulatory barriers, access to care, eye care professionals, vision impairment, optometry, health policy