The central premise of the review is deceptively simple. Neurons are postmitotic cells, meaning they have permanently exited the cell cycle and cannot divide to replace themselves. This makes them extraordinarily long-lived but also vulnerable to the slow accumulation of unrepaired damage. Because the nucleus houses the genome and controls gene expression, RNA processing, DNA repair, and the traffic of molecules between nucleus and cytoplasm, any compromise to nuclear structure can cascade into dysfunction. In postmitotic neurons, LaminB is the dominant component of the nucleoskeleton, the filamentous scaffold that anchors chromatin to the inner nuclear membrane and connects, through the LINC complex, to the cytoskeleton and ultimately the extracellular matrix. This architecture allows the nucleus to act as a mechanosensor, translating physical forces from the environment into changes in genome organization and gene activity.

Napoletano proposes a framework of what he calls hallmarks of neuronal health, adapted from the broader hallmarks of health concept articulated by López-Otín and Kroemer. These include the integrity and repair of the cell body, axons, dendrites, and organelle membranes; long-term maintenance of molecular recycling and turnover; preservation of cell identity; alignment of neuronal output with environmental demands; sustained bioenergetic competence; and adaptive structural plasticity. Within this framework, the nuclear envelope and its LaminB scaffold emerge as a central hub, interfacing with essentially every other hallmark. When compartmentalization fails, for instance, nuclear DNA can leak into the cytoplasm, activating innate immune sensors such as cGAS-STING and triggering inflammatory pathways that accelerate degeneration.

The structural role of LaminB is well established. The protein is anchored to the inner nuclear membrane through a lipid modification called farnesylation, forming a meshwork that interacts with chromatin, RNA-binding proteins, transmembrane proteins of the LEM domain family such as Emerin and LAP2, and components of the nuclear pore complex. Mammals express two B-type Lamins, LMNB1 and LMNB2, with partially redundant functions, whereas Drosophila carries a single ortholog known as LaminDm0. This genetic simplicity has made the fly an exceptionally powerful system for dissecting LaminB function. When LaminB is knocked down in postmitotic fly neurons, the animals show neurodegeneration, reduced lifespan, and impaired locomotor ability, directly linking nuclear scaffold integrity to neuronal survival in vivo.

One of the most striking examples of LaminB dysfunction comes from Drosophila models of tauopathy, the family of neurodegenerative conditions that includes Alzheimer’s disease. In these flies, expression of mutated human Tau protein drives hyper-polymerization of actin fibers, which push against the nucleus through the LINC complex. The resulting mechanical load deforms the nuclear envelope, causing LaminB to buckle and RNA to accumulate abnormally within nuclear invaginations. This toxic buildup of messenger RNA inside deformed nuclei provides a tangible mechanistic link between cytoskeletal pathology and nuclear failure, illustrating how mechanical stress, long considered a peripheral concern in neurodegeneration research, can directly compromise the genome’s physical container.

Beyond its structural role, LaminB regulation emerges as a dynamic stress-integration system governed in part by post-translational modifications, particularly phosphorylation. The review highlights the enzyme Pin1, a phosphorylation-dependent peptidyl-prolyl isomerase conserved from yeast to humans. Pin1 recognizes serine or threonine residues that precede proline in target proteins, and by catalyzing cis-trans isomerization at these sites it acts as a conformational checkpoint that fine-tunes signaling. Pin1 is overexpressed in many cancers, where it promotes tumor progression, but it is reduced or inactivated during aging and in Alzheimer’s disease. Loss of Pin1 function in Drosophila mutants and in knockout mice causes premature aging phenotypes, including degeneration of brain neurons, retina, and gonads, positioning the enzyme as a molecular switch between proliferative stress responses and neuronal vulnerability.

Drosophila studies pioneered the discovery of a pathway linking Pin1 to genome stability under mechanical stress. When Pin1 levels or activity decline, as occurs with aging and in Alzheimer’s disease, the LaminB meshwork deforms under mechanical load. This deformation triggers degradation of Heterochromatin Protein 1 alpha, the major promoter of heterochromatin condensation, via the ubiquitin ligase Hecw, whose mammalian counterparts are NEDL and HECW-1/2. The loss of HP1a unleashes heterochromatin derepression and mobilization of transposable elements, mobile genetic sequences that insert themselves into DNA and cause cumulative damage. This cascade ultimately drives cell death and activates pro-inflammatory signaling, providing a mechanistic explanation for how mechanical stress in aging neurons translates into genome instability and degeneration.

The review also describes a distinct non-apoptotic cell death pathway termed karyoptosis, uncovered through Drosophila models of proteotoxic stress. When autophagy, the cellular recycling system, is chronically impaired, as occurs in polyglutamine diseases such as Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy, in Alzheimer’s disease, in C9ORF72-associated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia, and in autolysosomal disorders such as Vici syndrome, neurons activate a regulated death program involving p38-mediated site-specific phosphorylation of LaminB. This phosphorylation causes the nuclear scaffold to break down, leading to cellular expulsion of nuclear material. Unlike apoptosis, which relies on caspase-driven dismantling, karyoptosis represents a fundamentally different mode of neuronal demise centered on nuclear envelope failure, and its causal chain from LaminB phosphorylation to execution has not yet been fully dissected in mammalian neurons in vivo.

Therapeutically, these findings suggest multiple points of intervention. Preserving the Pin1-dependent LaminB-heterochromatin axis could protect neurons from mechanical stress-induced genome instability. Promoting nuclear envelope repair through LEM-BAF-ESCRT-III complexes might seal ruptures before they trigger inflammatory cascades. Inhibiting retrotransposon activity, for example with reverse transcriptase inhibitors, could limit the DNA damage caused by mobile elements. Blocking pathological LaminB phosphorylation by p38 MAPK might prevent karyoptosis, while enhancing autophagy-lysosomal function could reduce the proteotoxic stress that drives nuclear breakdown in the first place. The review notes that similar LaminB-dependent mechanisms operate in non-neuronal cells as well; in cancer cells, for instance, tethering of the transcription factor CREB3 to the Lamin nucleoskeleton maintains nuclear envelope integrity, and its abnormal cleavage under endoplasmic reticulum stress triggers karyoptosis.

Important caveats remain. B-type Lamins are dispensable for the survival and growth of mouse embryonic stem cells, and mice can develop without them, albeit with significant defects in neuronal shape, nuclear integrity, migration, and cortical layering. Germline duplication of LaminB1 causes autosomal dominant leukodystrophy, an adult-onset demyelinating disease driven by oligodendrocyte dysfunction rather than neuronal death, underscoring that LaminB biology is context-dependent. Nevertheless, the convergence of evidence from flies, mice, and human genetics positions LaminB regulation as a central determinant of neuronal homeostasis. As the population ages and neurodegenerative diseases impose an ever-growing burden, understanding how the nuclear scaffold integrates stress signals and decides between adaptation and death may prove one of the most consequential frontiers in modern cell biology.

Subject of Research: LaminB-dependent nuclear homeostasis in neuronal aging and cell death

Article Title: At the nucleus of neuronal health: Drosophila insights into LaminB-dependent homeostasis in aging and cell death

Article References: Napoletano, F. (2026). At the nucleus of neuronal health: Drosophila insights into LaminB-dependent homeostasis in aging and cell death. Frontiers in Cell Death, 5, Article 1954383. https://doi.org/10.3389/fceld.2026.1954383

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.3389/fceld.2026.1954383

Keywords: LaminB, Drosophila, nuclear envelope, neurodegeneration, karyoptosis, Pin1, heterochromatin, transposable elements, mechanical stress, autophagy, p38 MAPK, neuronal aging