The study was anchored in the Compassion Fatigue-Satisfaction Model, a framework first developed in the 1990s that treats caregiving as a double-edged enterprise. According to this model, professionals who sustain empathetic relationships with patients experience two simultaneous outcomes. The first is compassion satisfaction, the positive reinforcement and sense of meaning derived from helping people recover. The second is compassion fatigue, an umbrella term that encompasses both burnout, characterized by emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and secondary traumatic stress, the emotional residue of witnessing suffering. The model predicts that these constructs jointly determine the caregiver’s overall quality of life, and it was precisely this interaction that the Ghanaian research team set out to measure in a real-world, resource-constrained clinical environment.

Between February and June 2025, the researchers surveyed nurses in the chronic care settings of a tertiary teaching hospital, a facility chosen for its high volume of complex cases and prolonged patient admissions. The target population comprised roughly 650 nurses, and a priori power analysis using G*Power indicated that 360 participants would be needed to detect a small-to-moderate effect in the mediation model. In the end, 269 nurses completed and returned the questionnaires, a response rate of 74.7 percent. The sample skewed young and female: 46.5 percent of respondents were between 20 and 35 years old, 74.3 percent were women, and more than half had five or fewer years of experience. Notably, 76.6 percent reported working 40 hours or more per week, a figure that underscores the sheer volume of clinical time these nurses devote to their patients.

The measurement instruments were rigorous and well validated. Burnout was assessed with an adapted version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory, a 21-item instrument that scores three dimensions: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. Compassion satisfaction was measured with the Professional Quality of Life Scale Version 5, and quality of life was captured with the single-item overall measure from the World Health Organization Quality of Life instrument, WHOQOL-BREF. After a pre-test, the scales showed respectable internal consistency, with Cronbach’s alpha values of 0.78 for the burnout inventory, 0.74 for the ProQoL, and 0.82 for the WHOQOL measure. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 27, with Pearson correlations used to map the bivariate relationships and Hayes’ PROCESS macro, Model 5, used for the moderated mediation analysis. Indirect effects were tested with 5,000 bootstrap resamples and bias-corrected 95 percent confidence intervals, a technique that provides robust estimates without relying on assumptions of normality.

The descriptive results painted a nuanced portrait. The composite mean for compassion satisfaction was 42.43 on a scale where 42 or more indicates a high level, suggesting that these nurses genuinely derive meaning and pleasure from their work. Yet the burnout scores told a parallel story of strain: emotional exhaustion averaged 18.99, depersonalization 11.35, and personal accomplishment 32.34, all indicating moderate levels of burnout. Overall quality of life came in at 2.73 on a five-point scale, a moderate rating that leaves considerable room for improvement. In other words, the same workforce that reports high satisfaction from helping patients also reports meaningful exhaustion and detachment, a combination the authors describe as particularly concerning given burnout’s documented links to turnover, absenteeism, and degraded patient care.

The correlation analysis sharpened the picture considerably. Compassion satisfaction was significantly and negatively correlated with emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and positively correlated with personal accomplishment and quality of life. Emotional exhaustion, in turn, correlated negatively with quality of life. Interestingly, age showed no significant correlation with any of the study variables on its own, a null result that makes the moderation findings that followed all the more intriguing. The pattern of associations is consistent with the idea that compassion satisfaction functions as a psychological resource, buffering nurses against the corrosive effects of chronic caregiving stress, while emotional exhaustion acts as a pathway through which that resource is depleted.

The mediation models provided the study’s most technically significant contribution. In the first model, compassion satisfaction significantly predicted emotional exhaustion, accounting for approximately 6.65 percent of its variance, with a standardized coefficient of negative 0.3020. In the second model, predicting quality of life, the overall fit was substantial: the model explained 23.27 percent of the variance in nurses’ quality of life. Compassion satisfaction exerted a significant positive effect on quality of life, while emotional exhaustion exerted a significant negative effect. Crucially, the indirect path from compassion satisfaction through emotional exhaustion to quality of life was significant, with a bootstrap confidence interval that excluded zero, confirming that emotional exhaustion partially mediates the relationship. Higher compassion satisfaction reduces emotional exhaustion, and reduced exhaustion in turn improves quality of life.

Age emerged as a moderator with a clear directional pattern. The interaction between compassion satisfaction and age was statistically significant, and the conditional effects showed that the positive impact of compassion satisfaction on quality of life was strongest among the youngest nurses, with an effect of 0.1196 for those aged 20 to 35, weakening to 0.0989 for those aged 35 to 50 and 0.0576 for those above 50. The effect remained significant in every age band, but its magnitude declined steadily with age. The authors suggest this may reflect accumulated career experience: older nurses have developed coping strategies and emotional calluses that make their well-being less dependent on the daily rewards of compassionate care, whereas younger nurses, who dominate this workforce, lean more heavily on those rewards to sustain their quality of life.

The findings carry practical weight for health systems far beyond Ghana. Because compassion satisfaction is modifiable, the authors argue, it should be treated not merely as a personal resource but as a managerial priority with measurable outcomes in nurse performance and health system efficiency. Interventions might include supportive work environments, regular recognition and rewards for compassionate care, professional development opportunities, stress management programs, and counseling services. Given that more than three-quarters of the surveyed nurses worked 40 or more hours per week, flexible scheduling and shift rotations could also blunt the negative effects of long hours. And because the protective effect of compassion satisfaction is strongest in younger nurses, compassion-focused interventions may need to be tailored by age group, with early-career staff likely to benefit most from structured support, mentorship, and opportunities for meaningful patient engagement.

The study’s limitations are worth noting. Its cross-sectional design prevents causal inference, self-reported measures are vulnerable to social desirability bias, and the single-hospital setting, though large and diverse in its units, limits generalizability to other healthcare contexts. The response rate, while respectable, fell short of the powered target sample. Still, the research adds an important piece to a growing global evidence base on professional quality of life in nursing, and it does so in a setting where high patient-to-nurse ratios and the demands of chronic illness care intensify every occupational stressor. As health systems worldwide grapple with nursing shortages and post-pandemic burnout, the message from these Ghanaian chronic care wards is clear: protecting the joy of caring may be one of the most effective ways to protect the caregivers themselves, and through them, the quality and safety of the care that patients receive.

Subject of Research: Burnout, compassion satisfaction and quality of life among nurses in chronic care settings in Ghana

Article Title: The Cost of Caring: Burnout, Compassion Satisfaction and Quality of Life Among Nurses in Chronic Care Settings in Ghana

Article References: Poku, C. A., Asante, J. K., Kyei‐Fram, F., Oppong, P., Acquah, A. A. B., Brown, S. A., & Hagan, D. (2026). The Cost of Caring: Burnout, Compassion Satisfaction and Quality of Life Among Nurses in Chronic Care Settings in Ghana. Nursing Open, 13(10), Article e70923. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.70923

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1002/nop2.70923

Keywords: nursing, burnout, compassion satisfaction, quality of life, chronic care, Ghana, emotional exhaustion, mediation analysis, occupational stress, Maslach Burnout Inventory, ProQoL, nurse well-being