The researchers collected coconut fronds from a cultivation field at the College of Agriculture, V.C. Farm, in Mandya district, India. After sun-drying, chopping the material into pieces of approximately 0.5­1.0 cm and oven-drying it at 105 °C for 12 hours, they pyrolyzed the feedstock in an electric reactor under oxygen-limited conditions. The experimental treatments were 350, 450 and 550 °C, each held for two hours with a heating rate of 10 °C per minute under nitrogen. A conventionally carbonized biochar, designated BCTrad, was prepared separately using a mud-covered heap method; its temperature was not measured directly but was estimated from process characteristics and comparable systems to be about 400­430 °C. Coconut frond feedstock contained 46.2% carbon, 72.5% volatile matter, 16.8% fixed carbon and 10.7% ash.

Temperature changed both the amount and the character of the solid biochar. BC350 had the highest yield at 59.90%, compared with 34.65% for BC450, 29.04% for BC550 and 33.50% for BCTrad. It also retained 2.92 kg of carbon from an initial approximately 3.69 kg, corresponding to 78.91% carbon recovery. The corresponding recovery values were 52.61% at 450 °C, 45.86% at 550 °C and 41.08% for the traditional material. Nitrogen recovery followed the same broad pattern, falling from 51.52% at 350 °C to 23.04% at 450 °C and 14.52% at 550 °C. These figures distinguish carbon concentration from total carbon recovery: BC550 was more carbon-rich, but BC350 contained more carbon because much more of the original frond remained in the solid product.

At the same time, higher temperatures produced a progressively carbonized material. Carbon concentration rose to 72.97% in BC550, while fixed carbon increased from 45.55% in BCTrad to 65.82% in BC550. The thermostable fraction expanded from 59.85% in BCTrad to 80.99% in BC550, and ash rose as organic constituents were lost and inorganic material became relatively concentrated. The atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio declined from 1.015 in BC350 to 0.664 in BC450 and 0.536 in BC550, while atomic oxygen-to-carbon fell from 0.222 to 0.098 and 0.060. These transformations are consistent with progressive devolatilization, deoxygenation and aromatic condensation rather than simple dilution of otherwise unchanged material.

Structural measurements reinforced that interpretation. Nitrogen adsorption analysis showed that BET surface area increased from 4.45 m² g⁻¹ in BCTrad to 5.62 m² g⁻¹ in BC350, 6.71 m² g⁻¹ in BC450 and 16.67 m² g⁻¹ in BC550. Total pore volume rose from 0.014 to 0.024 cm³ g⁻¹ on the BET analysis, while average BJH pore diameter narrowed from 12.40 nm at 350 °C to 5.79 nm at 550 °C. FTIR spectra showed progressive depletion of hydroxyl, aliphatic and oxygen-containing bands, with most oxygenated features nearly absent in BC550. Raman spectroscopy recorded a declining disorder ratio, with the reported ID/IG value falling from 1.28 in BCTrad to 0.80 in BC550, while X-ray diffraction showed a broad carbon reflection becoming sharper and shifting toward higher angles. Together, the methods indicated more condensed aromatic carbon and a more developed pore network at higher temperatures.

Physical and chemical properties also changed markedly. BC550 had the lowest bulk density, at 0.34 g cm⁻³, the highest total porosity, at 70.50%, and the greatest water-holding capacity, at 298.64%. Its pH reached 9.55, compared with 8.54 for BC350, while electrical conductivity rose from 1.35 to 1.74 dS m⁻¹ and total dissolved solids increased from 845.57 to 1,040.40 mg L⁻¹. Cation exchange capacity also increased from 22.84 cmol(+) kg⁻¹ in BC350 to 29.12 cmol(+) kg⁻¹ in BC550. Although loss of oxygen-containing functional groups might be expected to reduce exchange sites, the measured increase was associated with higher pH, greater surface area and enrichment of mineral constituents. These are measured material characteristics, not demonstrated improvements in crop yield or soil fertility, which were not tested in field trials.

The biochars also became progressively better suited to combustion as fuel quality indicators. Estimated higher heating value increased from 20.72 MJ kg⁻¹ in BCTrad to 21.73 MJ kg⁻¹ in BC350, 23.63 MJ kg⁻¹ in BC450 and 25.56 MJ kg⁻¹ in BC550. The fuel ratio, defined as fixed carbon divided by volatile matter, rose from 1.49 to 4.26 across the same sequence. Energy densification reached 1.49 at 550 °C, compared with 1.21 for the traditional biochar. Yet 350 °C produced the strongest overall recovery of feedstock energy, with an energy retention efficiency of 75.86%, versus 47.73% at 450 °C and 43.26% at 550 °C. The higher-temperature product therefore contained more energy per kilogram, while the lower-temperature product retained more of the frond’s original energy in solid form.

Carbon persistence was evaluated through three distinct approaches that produced complementary, but not identical, results. BC350 had the highest total pyrogenic carbon, at 0.29 kg C per kg of feedstock, and the highest screening-level stable-carbon retention estimate, at 0.86 kg CO² per kg of feedstock. That estimate used a fixed assumption that 80% of pyrogenic carbon would be stable and did not adjust it for treatment-specific persistence. The model-derived BC+100 index instead rose to 0.72 for BC550, compared with 0.42 for BC350, and estimated mean residence time increased to 371.29 years, compared with 221.31 years for BC350. These are empirical model outputs, not direct measurements of centuries-long soil storage. In the 90-day incubation, by contrast, cumulative CO²-C release was lowest for BC550 among the biochars.

For the incubation, the team applied seven amendments to neutral red sandy clay loam Alfisol at 1% by weight: unamended soil, farmyard manure, vermicompost, BCTrad, BC350, BC450 and BC550. Each treatment had three independent jars, maintained at 60% of water-holding capacity and 25 ± 2 °C for 90 days. Carbon dioxide was trapped in sodium hydroxide and quantified by back-titration. Cumulative CO²-C release was 1,041.2 mg kg⁻¹ soil for BCTrad, 1,020.9 mg kg⁻¹ for BC350, 943.1 mg kg⁻¹ for BC450 and 746.1 mg kg⁻¹ for BC550, versus 669.2 mg kg⁻¹ for the control. BC550’s apparent net increase above the control was 76.9 mg kg⁻¹ and was not statistically distinguishable from the control, whereas the other biochars produced significant increases. A repeated-measures mixed-effects model confirmed significant effects of treatment, time and their interaction.

The incubation result must be interpreted cautiously because measured CO²-C represented total soil respiration. Without isotope-based partitioning, the researchers could not separate mineralization of native soil organic carbon, carbon derived from the amendment, possible priming effects and other contributions. A constant-temperature incubation of one soil over 90 days also cannot reproduce field conditions involving changing moisture, temperature, microbial communities, soil mineralogy, pore occlusion and biochar ageing. Moreover, each pyrolysis temperature was represented by a single production batch, and the five measurements used to characterize each batch were analytical subsamples rather than independent production replicates. The pyrolysis results are therefore descriptive patterns, not statistically proven treatment effects. Within those limits, the study shows a clear temperature-dependent trade-off: lower-temperature biochar retained more carbon and nutrients, while higher-temperature biochar developed a more ordered, porous and energy-dense structure with lower apparent short-term mineralization. Field studies, longer incubations, isotope tracing and life-cycle assessment will be needed to determine how those laboratory advantages translate into durable carbon storage, practical soil amendment performance and net climate benefits.

Subject of Research: Effects of pyrolysis temperature on carbon recovery, physicochemical properties and short-term mineralization of coconut-frond biochar

Article Title: Temperature-directed valorisation of coconut frond through pyrolysis for carbon sequestration and sustainable agricultural residue management

Article References: Sachin, M. L., Boregowda, Y. S., Thimmegowda, M. N., Ananthakumar, M. A., Fathima, P. S., Sunil, C. M., Pravalika, K. M., Anjali, M. C., Sathisha, G. S., Divya, B., Shruthi, M. K., Onte, S., & Kumar, S. (2026). Temperature-directed valorisation of coconut frond through pyrolysis for carbon sequestration and sustainable agricultural residue management. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 10, Article 1966170. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2026.1966170

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2026.1966170

Keywords: coconut fronds, biochar, pyrolysis temperature, carbon recovery, carbon stabilization, soil incubation, biofuel properties, agricultural residues, porosity, carbon mineralization, Temperature-directed, valorisation

The research, led by a team at Jiangxi Normal University in Nanchang with colleagues at the Jiangxi Provincial Forestry Science and Technology Promotion and Publicity Education Center, set out to understand how different rates of quicklime amendment reshape the biogeochemistry of strongly acidic plantation soils. Soils collected from Chinese fir plantations that had received six different quicklime application rates, ranging from no amendment at all up to 3,000 kilograms per hectare, were incubated for 49 days in a controlled carbon mineralization experiment. The researchers then layered together an unusually rich set of analytical tools: high-throughput DNA sequencing to identify the microbial community, PICRUSt2 functional prediction to estimate what metabolic genes those microbes carry, Mantel tests to link environmental variables to biological patterns, and partial least squares structural equation modeling, known as PLS-SEM, to trace causal pathways among soil chemistry, microbes, and carbon release.

The headline finding is a nonlinear, dose-dependent response. At 2,250 kilograms per hectare—a level the researchers labeled T4—quicklime acted as the sweet spot. At that dose, soil pH rose from a forbidding 4.71 to a much friendlier 5.25, a shift that released the microbial community from the chronic stress of acidity. Microbial biomass carbon, a measure of the total living microbial pool in the soil, surged by 113.96 percent, while microbial biomass phosphorus, a proxy for the nutrient content of that pool, climbed by 192.75 percent. In plain terms, the soil suddenly held far more living microbial matter, and that matter was better fed.

That biomass explosion translated directly into faster carbon cycling. Activities of two key cellulose-degrading extracellular enzymes, β-glucosidase and cellobiohydrolase, rose significantly, and cumulative carbon mineralization—the amount of organic carbon respired by the soil community as carbon dioxide over the incubation—increased by 88.5 percent compared with untreated soil. These enzymes are the molecular scissors that soil microbes use to cut complex plant litter and soil organic matter into sugars small enough to absorb, so their heightened activity marks a genuine acceleration in the breakdown of organic carbon reserves.

One of the study’s most intriguing technical observations, however, complicates the simple story of more microbes, more enzymes, more carbon loss. At the optimal lime dose, the researchers found a decoupling between high enzymatic capacity and lower abundance of the genes predicted to encode those enzyme functions. In other words, the soil community achieved greater enzymatic throughput without simply possessing more copies of the relevant genes. The authors interpret this as evidence of a high-efficiency metabolic strategy: rather than investing heavily in replicating gene machinery, the microbial community appears to operate its existing enzymatic repertoire more intensively once acidity stress is lifted. This distinction matters because many soil studies infer function from gene abundance alone, and this result is a reminder that what microbes do is not always proportional to what their genomes suggest.

The structural equation modeling untangled the sequence of cause and effect. Quicklime first improves the soil’s physicochemical conditions—raising pH, easing acidity stress, and shifting nutrient availability. Those improved conditions then promote the accumulation of microbial biomass, a step captured by a strong path coefficient of 0.860. The larger, healthier microbial biomass subsequently enhances extracellular enzyme activity, with an even stronger path coefficient of 0.899. The overall model fit was robust, with a goodness-of-fit statistic of 0.519. Critically, the model revealed that the magnitude of the microbial biomass, not the composition of the community, was the primary regulator of enzymatic capacity. Community composition registered a path coefficient of just 0.074, essentially negligible, while biomass magnitude carried the 0.899 weight. Nitrate nitrogen emerged as a key factor linking environmental conditions to microbial functional profiles, threading nitrogen availability through the chain from chemistry to function.

Why would biomass quantity matter more than which species are present? Acidic soils such as those under Chinese fir are dominated by acid-tolerant specialists, including members of the bacterial phylum Acidobacteria, which have evolved lean, minimalist genomes adapted to scarcity. When lime relieves acidity, the existing community may not need to restructure dramatically; instead, the entire community can simply grow larger and more active. The study’s conclusion—that microbial biomass magnitude, rather than community structure, is the primary driver of enzymatic capacity—challenges a common assumption in microbial ecology that changing the players changes the game. Here, changing the stadium changed the game instead.

The dose ceiling is just as consequential as the optimum. At the highest application rate, 3,000 kilograms per hectare, quicklime produced significant inhibitory effects on carbon cycling, with the results statistically significant at P < 0.05. Over-liming likely pushes pH beyond what the acid-adapted community tolerates comfortably and can alter nutrient solubility in ways that hamper microbes, echoing a broader literature in which liming sometimes accelerates and sometimes suppresses organic carbon turnover depending on rate, soil type, and duration. For forest managers, the message is that the relationship between lime and carbon is not linear and that the difference between the optimal dose and the excessive dose in this system was just 750 kilograms per hectare.

The broader stakes are considerable. Chinese fir is one of the most widely planted timber species in China, and repeated rotations of these plantations are known to degrade soil fertility and deepen acidification. Soil organic carbon in plantation soils represents both a potential sink and a potential source of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and interventions that alter microbial decomposition rates directly influence that balance. The finding that an optimal lime dose stimulates mineralization while an excessive dose suppresses it means that liming prescriptions cannot simply be extrapolated; they need the kind of threshold analysis this study performed. The researchers argue that their results provide a scientific basis for optimizing carbon cycling management in acidic forest soils, and the mechanistic pathway they documented—chemistry to biomass to enzymes—offers a template other researchers can test in different forests and landscapes.

There are, of course, limits to what a 49-day incubation can reveal. Carbon mineralization measured in the laboratory may not track field-scale carbon stocks over years, and calcium itself can stabilize organic matter through organo-mineral associations, a process the short incubation could not fully capture. The functional gene predictions from PICRUSt2, while powerful, remain estimates inferred from marker-gene data. Still, the study’s central result stands out for its clarity: in strongly acidic Chinese fir plantation soils, a modest, precise application of quicklime can nearly double cumulative carbon mineralization by simply letting microbes breathe easier, and the primary lever is how much life the soil contains, not which species live there. As forests worldwide contend with acidification from both natural processes and decades of acid deposition, that insight—quantity over identity, dose over dogma—may prove one of the more practical lessons soil science has delivered in some time.

Subject of Research: Effects of quicklime application rates on soil carbon mineralization and microbial activity in strongly acidic Chinese fir plantation soils

Article Title: Effects of quicklime application rate on carbon mineralization in strongly acidic soil of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantations

Article References: Jiayi, Z., Jiacheng, T., Fang, F., Yanting, Z., Songzhe, L., Dandan, M., Shunbao, L., & Yanjie, Z. (2026). Effects of quicklime application rate on carbon mineralization in strongly acidic soil of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantations. Plant and Soil. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-026-09067-5

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s11104-026-09067-5

Keywords: quicklime, soil acidification, carbon mineralization, Chinese fir, microbial biomass, extracellular enzymes, PLS-SEM, soil pH, plantation forestry, soil microbiology, PICRUSt2, threshold effect

Serpentinite forms through serpentinization, a coupled fluid–rock reaction in which primary olivine and pyroxenes are progressively replaced by serpentine-group minerals—lizardite, chrysotile, and antigorite—often accompanied by brucite and magnetite. The reaction is geochemically consequential in its own right: oxidation of ferrous iron during secondary mineral growth releases molecular hydrogen, generating hyperalkaline, strongly reducing fluids capable of driving abiotic methane formation. This mechanism, the authors note, places serpentinite at the center of the emerging geologic hydrogen conversation, with field observations from ophiolite belts—including the northern Semail Ophiolite in the United Arab Emirates—documenting natural hydrogen anomalies associated with fault-controlled migration pathways and alkaline springs in actively carbonating settings.

The mineralogical makeup of serpentinite is far from uniform, and this variability is the linchpin of the review’s argument. Lizardite typically dominates low-temperature serpentinites, forming the familiar mesh and bastite replacement textures; antigorite, the most ordered and thermally stable polymorph, characterizes higher-temperature, tectonized rocks; and chrysotile, the fibrous asbestos-form habit, records deformation-assisted fluid flow but simultaneously imposes serious occupational and environmental constraints. Magnesium-recovery experiments demonstrate that these polymorphs behave differently during activation and leaching, meaning that a serpentinite’s dominant serpentine phase is a process-relevant variable rather than a mere crystallographic curiosity. Accessory phases such as brucite, magnetite, and relict Cr-spinel further modulate reactivity, density, and impurity burdens.

In construction, serpentinite already has a long commercial track record as dimension stone, aggregate, and refractory feedstock, marketed widely as “green marble” for its polishability and veining. The review highlights more ambitious upgrades: waste serpentine cutting has been converted into forsterite-rich refractories, cordieritic ceramics have been engineered from serpentinite blends with tailored porosity and thermal expansion, and magnesia–silicate ceramics benefit from controlled forsterite–enstatite phase evolution during firing. Perhaps most striking is serpentinite’s role in radiation-shielding concrete, where chemically bound hydroxyl water enhances neutron attenuation. Yet durability studies caution that serpentinite aggregates can produce wider, more porous interfacial transition zones with cement paste, so shielding benefits must be balanced against careful mix design and transport-property management.

On carbon management, the review positions serpentinite as a promising feedstock for permanent CO2 sequestration through mineral carbonation, in which magnesium from the silicate lattice reacts with CO2 to form thermodynamically stable carbonates such as magnesite. The catch is kinetics: magnesium is tightly bound in layered crystals, and silica-rich reaction products form passivating layers that choke further dissolution. Overcoming these barriers requires process intensification—fine grinding, thermal activation in the roughly 600–750 degree Celsius window, acid or ammonium-salt leaching, and exfoliation. Pilot-scale aqueous carbonation of serpentinite tailings exposed to cement-plant flue gas has demonstrated feasibility, and techno-economic analyses indicate that residue-based routes co-located with CO2 point sources and waste-heat supplies offer the most credible path to commercial deployment.

Serpentinite also underpins an industrial chemistry platform. Thermal activation followed by acid leaching liberates magnesium for production of high-purity Mg(OH)2, MgO, and soluble Mg salts, while generating silica-rich residues that may themselves become saleable co-products if purity and leachability are controlled. Exfoliation with potassium salts has produced mesoporous, hydroxyl-rich nanosheets that efficiently bind divalent heavy metals such as cadmium and lead, opening doors to engineered water-treatment sorbents. Meanwhile, serpentinite-derived phases have served as precursors for solid-base biodiesel catalysts and magnesium potassium phosphate matrices for radioactive waste immobilization, and serpentinite-hosted deep-sea hydrothermal precipitates—brucite-rich lamellae with aligned nanocrystals—have even demonstrated osmotic energy conversion, offering geomimetic inspiration for nanofluidic membrane design.

Environmental and occupational risks thread through every potential pathway. Chrysotile-bearing lithotypes, particularly foliated and cataclastic serpentinites with abundant fibrous veins, show heightened fiber-release potential during quarrying, crushing, and handling, and documented soil contamination around serpentinite mining operations reinforces the need for integrated petrographic screening and dust control. Elevated nickel and chromium inventories—geologically expected in depleted mantle-derived rocks—raise concerns about trace-metal mobility during weathering, leaching, enhanced rock weathering deployment, and residue disposal. The review treats these hazards not as an afterthought but as cross-cutting criteria that determine which serpentinite lithotypes are suitable for which end uses, arguing for fit-for-purpose classification in every deployment scenario.

On the energy frontier, the review frames geologic hydrogen not as another application category but as a resource-system problem. Serpentinization generates hydrogen wherever Fe(II)-bearing phases oxidize and magnetite forms with sustained fluid access, but viable accumulations require generation rates that exceed leakage and microbial consumption, effective migration corridors, and credible trapping conditions. Regional assessments of Arabian ophiolites identify serpentinites as prospective hydrogen targets, and magnetotelluric phase-tensor mapping has been proposed to delineate serpentinization-related electrical anisotropy beneath cover in the UAE. The authors stress that geophysical signatures and surface anomalies are targeting tools, not proof of commercial resources; direct gas monitoring, generation-rate quantification, and subsurface validation remain essential next steps.

Looking ahead, the review identifies structural gaps that must close before serpentinite can realize its promise. The field lacks polymorph- and texture-resolved performance databases that link mineralogical attributes to engineering outcomes, leaving a persistent disconnect between rock names and measurable properties. Laboratory demonstrations of carbonation, adsorption, and binder performance have yet to be translated systematically through pilot-scale validation under realistic feedstock variability, water constraints, and continuous-operation conditions. Integrated techno-economic and life-cycle assessment is similarly overdue, particularly for arid-region economies where water demand for aqueous carbonation and leaching may dominate feasibility. The authors’ prescription is a shift from treating serpentinite as an abundant commodity to managing it as a qualified, risk-governed resource—a reframing that could turn one of Earth’s most underappreciated rocks into a cornerstone of sustainable construction, carbon management, and the clean-energy transition.

The global distribution of serpentinite adds a geographic dimension to its strategic profile. Ophiolite belts—fragments of oceanic lithosphere thrust onto continental margins—occur along the Tethyan suture from the Alps through Anatolia, Oman, and the Himalaya, as well as in the Circum-Pacific and Appalachian orogens. Because these belts frequently lie within or near rapidly industrializing economies in the Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, serpentinite resources are often located closer to cement plants, steelworks, and other concentrated CO₂ point sources than many alternative mafic feedstocks such as basalt. That co-location advantage matters for mineral carbonation economics, since transporting low-value rock over long distances erodes the already thin margins of carbonation processes, and the review’s emphasis on residue-based routes near industrial emitters reflects this logistical reality.

The thermodynamic underpinning of serpentinite’s carbonation appeal is worth underscoring. Magnesium silicates react with CO₂ to form magnesite and quartz with a substantial negative free-energy change, meaning the reaction is strongly favored at ambient conditions and the resulting carbonates are stable over geological timescales without monitoring requirements comparable to those of injected supercritical CO₂. The challenge is therefore not thermodynamic feasibility but reaction speed: the same strong Mg–O bonds that make serpentinite carbonates permanent also make the precursor silicates slow to dissolve. This asymmetry between thermodynamics and kinetics is what drives the entire pretreatment literature, from attrition grinding that exposes fresh surfaces to dehydroxylation that destabilizes the layered structure and dramatically accelerates Mg liberation.

Water chemistry imposes further constraints that are easy to underestimate. Aqueous carbonation routes consume water both as a reaction medium and for solids handling, and they generate alkaline process streams that require management. In arid ophiolite terrains—precisely where some of the most reactive, Mg-rich serpentinites occur—water allocation may become the binding constraint on deployment, which is why the review flags integrated water accounting alongside techno-economic assessment. Recyclable ammonium-salt chemistry offers one response, since it decouples Mg extraction from high water throughput and allows reagent recovery between cycles, but each such intensification step adds capital cost and process complexity that must be justified against the value of the sequestered carbon and any co-produced magnesium chemicals.

Enhanced rock weathering represents a lower-intensity alternative that trades reaction rate for simplicity. Spreading finely ground serpentinite on agricultural soils or coastal environments lets ambient CO₂ and organic acids dissolve the silicate gradually, with co-benefits including pH buffering and magnesium supply to crops. However, the same Ni and Cr enrichments that characterize mantle-derived ultramafics raise questions about trace-metal accumulation in amended soils, and the slow dissolution kinetics make verification of actual carbon removal difficult without robust measurement and monitoring protocols. The review’s insistence on lithotype-specific screening before such deployment reflects a broader principle: the geological variability that makes serpentinite interesting also makes blanket claims about its performance scientifically indefensible.

Finally, the occupational legacy of serpentine mining provides important historical context. Regulatory attention to naturally occurring asbestos since the late twentieth century has shaped quarrying practice, product standards, and public perception of serpentinite worldwide, and any expansion of its use must reckon with that institutional history. The review’s risk-governed framework effectively extends this legacy into new domains, arguing that fiber screening, dust suppression, and trace-metal characterization should be embedded in resource qualification from the outset rather than retrofitted after problems emerge.

Subject of Research: Serpentinite as a strategic geomaterial linking mineralogy, carbon mineralization, magnesium recovery, and geologic hydrogen

Article Title: Serpentinite as a strategic Earth material: geological controls, mineral reactivity, carbon mineralization, geologic hydrogen, and sustainable resource pathways

Article References: Abukhadra, M. R., Hamed, S. M., Allam, A. A., Hamdan, M. A., & Saima, M. A. (2026). Serpentinite as a strategic Earth material: geological controls, mineral reactivity, carbon mineralization, geologic hydrogen, and sustainable resource pathways. Environmental Earth Sciences, 85(15), Article 402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-026-13127-5

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s12665-026-13127-5

Keywords: serpentinite, carbon mineralization, CO2 sequestration, geologic hydrogen, serpentinization, magnesium recovery, low-carbon binders, radiation shielding concrete, enhanced rock weathering, Semail Ophiolite, chrysotile risk, mineral carbonation