Participants were randomly assigned either to the brief mindfulness induction or to an audiobook-listening control condition. The researchers evaluated executive functions with cognitive tasks and measured mind-wandering with a probe-caught reading task. The intervention successfully induced state mindfulness, showing that the exercise produced the intended change in participants’ reported state. That change was not accompanied by broad cognitive benefits across the study sample.

The investigators tested whether the effects varied with characteristics already present in participants. The hypothesized moderators were trait mindfulness, prior meditation experience and Big-Five personality traits. Exploratory analyses also considered trait anxiety, trait mind-wandering, mindfulness mindset and baseline mood state. None of the hypothesized moderators was significant after correction for multiple comparisons. The findings therefore did not support these prespecified individual differences as statistically significant modifiers of the intervention’s effects in this experiment.

The exploratory analysis identified one moderation result: baseline negative mood state affected the relationship between the mindfulness induction and inhibitory control. The authors reported that a high initial negative mood might turn the effect of a short mindfulness exercise in a negative direction for inhibitory control. Because this finding emerged from an exploratory analysis, it remains less firmly established than a prespecified result, and the supplied study abstract does not provide effect sizes or details about the size and precision of the association.

Overall, the study indicates that successfully inducing a mindful state is not necessarily accompanied by better executive performance or less mind-wandering. Its conclusions are deliberately narrow: the findings concern the immediate effects of one 10-minute induction in the tested participant population and experimental conditions. The research does not establish whether repeated practice, longer interventions or other populations would produce different outcomes. Nor does the observed moderation by baseline negative mood show that mindfulness can prevent or treat mood problems. The central result is instead a clear separation between a short-term change in state and the absence of an overall improvement in the measured cognitive outcomes.

Subject of Research: Randomized study of brief mindfulness, executive functioning, mind-wandering and individual-difference moderators

Article Title: For whom does a brief mindfulness induction work? An exploration of the moderating role of individual differences in the effect of mindfulness induction on executive functioning and mind-wandering

Article References: Shi, K., Calia, C., & Takacs, Z. K. (2026). For whom does a brief mindfulness induction work? An exploration of the moderating role of individual differences in the effect of mindfulness induction on executive functioning and mind-wandering. BMC Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-026-05331-6

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1186/s40359-026-05331-6

Keywords: mindfulness induction, state mindfulness, executive functioning, mind-wandering, inhibitory control, individual differences, baseline mood, randomized experiment, negative mood, whom, does, brief