The study is grounded in social learning theory, a framework first developed by psychologist Albert Bandura, which holds that people acquire behaviors not only through direct experience but also by observing credible role models. When a leader behaves authentically, admitting mistakes, sharing information honestly, and aligning actions with stated values, staff members observe and internalize those behaviors. The researchers reasoned that nurses working under such leaders would be more inclined to display helping behaviors, the voluntary, discretionary acts that keep hospital wards functioning when formal job descriptions fall short: covering a colleague’s shift, mentoring a new hire, or stepping in during an emergency without being asked.

What distinguishes this study from much of the existing leadership literature is its attention to mechanism. Rather than simply documenting that authentic leaders have more helpful teams, the authors asked why. Their answer rests on a long-standing distinction in psychology between hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Hedonic well-being captures the balance of positive over negative feelings, the day-to-day pleasure, satisfaction and absence of distress. Eudaimonic well-being, a concept stretching back to Aristotle, concerns meaning, purpose, growth and the sense that one’s life and work matter. The two are related but separable, and the study set out to test whether each one independently carries the influence of leadership into helping behavior.

Methodologically, the researchers took care to avoid the pitfalls that plague much workplace research. They used a three-wave, time-lagged design, collecting data from 230 nursing staff in large hospitals at three separate points in time. Leadership, well-being and helping behavior were each measured at a different wave, which reduces the risk of common-method bias, the distortion that arises when everything is self-reported in a single sitting. The temporal separation means that a leader’s behavior measured early could plausibly shape well-being measured later, which in turn could shape helping behavior measured later still. The study received ethics approval from the institutional review board of the Department of Psychology at Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan in Pakistan and was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration, with informed consent obtained from all participants.

The statistical analysis confirmed the core hypotheses. Authentic leadership was positively associated with helping behaviors, meaning that nurses perceiving higher levels of genuineness, transparency and ethical consistency in their leaders reported more voluntary helping. Authentic leadership also predicted both hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Most importantly, both forms of well-being positively mediated the relationship between leadership and helping, statistically transmitting part of the leader’s influence. In plain terms, authentic leaders appear to help their staff feel good and feel purposeful, and those two psychological states, in turn, fuel the prosocial behavior that hospitals depend on.

The finding that hedonic and eudaimonic well-being each play a mediating role is more than an academic nicety. It suggests that the pathway from leadership to helping is not a single channel but a dual one. A nurse who is merely cheerful may enjoy the day but still feel that the work is hollow; a nurse who finds deep meaning may nonetheless be exhausted and emotionally drained. The study’s results indicate that either state alone is partial, and that leadership which nourishes both the pleasure and the purpose of nursing work produces the strongest prosocial payoff. For an occupation facing chronic burnout, emotional labor and staffing shortages worldwide, the idea that well-being can be systematically cultivated from the top down, rather than left to individual resilience training, is a potentially significant shift in emphasis.

The theoretical contribution lies in extending social learning theory into the well-being domain. Traditional applications of the theory emphasize observational learning of concrete behaviors, but this study implies a subtler process: leaders do not merely demonstrate helping behaviors that nurses copy, they also shape the internal psychological climate, the affective and motivational states, that makes helping more likely. Authentic leadership, with its four components of self-awareness, relational transparency, balanced processing and internalized moral perspective, appears to function as a psychological resource generator. Followers feel safer, more seen and more valued, and that felt experience converts into both momentary happiness and durable purpose.

For hospital administrators and nursing workforce policymakers, the practical implications are concrete. The authors emphasize the need to cultivate authentic leadership practices as a foundational strategy for enhancing helping behaviors, strengthening team cohesion and improving overall clinical and organizational effectiveness. That could mean leadership development programs that train nurse managers in self-reflection, honest communication and consistent ethical decision-making, rather than purely administrative or technical skills. It could also mean that well-being initiatives, from adequate rest to recognition and opportunities for professional growth, should be treated not as perks but as operational infrastructure, because the study links them directly to the discretionary effort that keeps wards safe.

The research also carries implications for how healthcare organizations think about the cost of leadership. An inauthentic or purely transactional leader may extract compliant performance in the short term, but the study’s framework suggests they forgo the well-being dividend that produces helping behavior, precisely the behavior that matters most in unpredictable clinical environments where formal protocols cannot anticipate every need. In intensive care units, emergency departments and general wards alike, the difference between a team that helps voluntarily and one that does the minimum can translate into patient outcomes, error rates and staff turnover.

Like all studies, this one has boundaries that readers should keep in mind. The sample comprised 230 nursing staff in large hospitals, and the mediation analysis establishes statistical pathways rather than definitive proof of causation; nurses who feel well may, for example, perceive their leaders more favorably. Replication across different healthcare systems, cultures and hospital types will be needed to establish how generalizable the findings are. Nevertheless, the study, funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah and published open access in BMC Nursing, adds to a growing body of evidence that leadership is not merely a management function but a public health variable of sorts, one that shapes the psychological lives and prosocial conduct of the workforce on which patient care ultimately depends. If the findings hold up, the prescription is refreshingly simple: hospitals that want helpful nurses should start by helping their nurses be happy, and help them find meaning in the work they do every day.

Subject of Research: The relationship between authentic leadership and helping behaviors among nursing staff, mediated by hedonic and eudaimonic well-being.

Article Title: Happy and helpful: relationship of authentic leadership with employees helping behaviors: the mediating role of hedonic and eudaimonic wellbeing among nursing staff

Article References: Farid, T., Iqbal, S., Algarni, M. A., Raheem, M., Ullah, Z., & Ali, S. R. (2026). Happy and helpful: relationship of authentic leadership with employees helping behaviors: the mediating role of hedonic and eudaimonic wellbeing among nursing staff. BMC Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-026-05441-x

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1186/s12912-026-05441-x

Keywords: authentic leadership, nursing staff, hedonic well-being, eudaimonic well-being, helping behaviors, social learning theory, prosocial behavior, hospitals, occupational well-being, healthcare management, BMC Nursing, time-lagged study