The research, led from the Stanford laboratory of biological oceanographer Kevin Arrigo, the Donald and Donald M. Steel Professor in the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability, draws on an intensive field campaign conducted in the summer of 2023 aboard the research vessel Sikuliaq. The team set out to answer two linked questions: how dense are the phytoplankton blooms that form beneath Arctic sea ice, and what becomes of those blooms when they die? While previous missions have sampled phytoplankton at scattered points in time and space, few have documented the organisms across almost their entire season of growth, from first greening of the water to the final collapse of the bloom.

The story of under-ice phytoplankton blooms begins with a discovery made in 2011, when Arrigo and collaborators reported in Science that phytoplankton were blooming beneath Arctic ice. The observation surprised many researchers, because thick ice had long been assumed to block too much light for photosynthesis. But over the past few decades, Arctic air and sea surface temperatures have climbed, and the ice cover has thinned and cracked, allowing more sunlight to filter through. In the Chukchi Sea, the 2023 measurements suggest that light entering through cracks and thinner patches of ice was sufficient to power substantial photosynthesis in the darker waters below.

The scale of what the team found beneath the ice was remarkable. The researchers observed one of the densest phytoplankton blooms ever recorded, even in areas where the ice was up to two meters thick. These under-ice blooms were up to ten times more concentrated than blooms sampled a month later in open water, after seasonal melting had begun to recede the ice edge. The data show that the blooms eventually withered and began to sink once the phytoplankton had exhausted most of the available nutrients, especially nitrate. As Claudette Proctor, an Earth system science PhD student and lead author of one of the two papers, put it, the organisms are growing in an environment that scientists previously thought was inhospitable.

To follow the bloom through its rise, peak, and decline, the team used a combination of straightforward but demanding methods. They collected seawater samples to measure nutrients and two standard indicators of phytoplankton abundance, carbon and chlorophyll. They also deployed floating sediment traps, moored in the water column both in open water and in holes cut through the ice, to catch phytoplankton as they sank. By tracking how much phytoplankton biomass, by weight, accumulated in the traps over several days, the researchers could estimate both the quantity and the speed of the sinking flux beneath the ice and in open water. They then compared these results with chlorophyll and carbon measured in sediment cores hauled up from the seafloor, connecting the sinking particles to the organic remains accumulating below.

Across much of the Chukchi Sea, the scientists found that phytoplankton sank after their blooms peaked at a rate of about half a meter per day, consistent with expectations for the open ocean. But at particular locations, the sinking accelerated dramatically. Swift waters there pushed the plankton down about four times faster on average, driven by a confluence of ocean currents known as a front. The mechanism is a straightforward consequence of water mass physics: when cold, salty water drifting south just beneath the ice meets warmer, fresher water flowing in the opposite direction in the open water, the denser mass plunges downward, carrying its phytoplankton passengers with it.

James Lauer, an Earth system science PhD student and lead author of the second paper, which focused on how currents affect the blooms, described the encounter in vivid terms: the cold, salty water mass takes a dive, and the warmer, fresher water mass rides up on top. The result is a kind of express elevator to the seafloor for carbon-laden phytoplankton caught at the boundary. Because fronts created by winds, river outflows, or currents are found throughout the oceans, the discovery has implications well beyond the Arctic, suggesting that relatively small-scale physical features may play an outsized role in transporting carbon to the deep sea.

The rapid sinking helps solve an ecological puzzle that has lingered for years. In previous research, scientists had observed areas of the Arctic seafloor supporting unexpectedly high populations of clams and brittle stars, along with the walruses and whales that feed on them, and had struggled to identify the food source sustaining such biomass. The new work provides a plausible answer. As Lauer noted, the discovery that the front is rapidly enhancing rates of sinking helps explain where the food that supports that benthic abundance might be coming from. In effect, the collision of currents is a delivery system that channels surface productivity directly to the animals living in the sediment below.

What happens closer to the surface is less certain, and the timing of the blooms may matter as much as their intensity. Under-ice blooms are a major food source for zooplankton, the tiny drifting animals that in turn feed species such as bowhead whales. But blooms that peak too early in the summer may already be gone by the time seasonal predators arrive, reshuffling who eats what in Arctic food webs. As Proctor suggested, a warmer Arctic could favor bottom-feeding organisms, which benefit from the enhanced rain of sinking food, while pelagic organisms in the water column might face leaner conditions. Such shifts could ripple upward through food webs topped by orcas, whales, and sharks.

The findings also speak to the Arctic’s role in the global carbon cycle. Phytoplankton pull carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as they grow, and the question of what happens to that carbon, whether it is eaten, recycled, or buried in sediments, is central to understanding how the region will respond to climate change. Arrigo said the results point toward an overall increase in the carbon absorbed by phytoplankton and eventually stowed away in sediments, though many unknowns remain. One concern is that warmer freshwater from melting ice could form a buoyant layer at the sea surface, blocking nutrient-rich waters below from mixing upward and thereby limiting future phytoplankton growth. With the Arctic warming four times faster than the global average, the balance between these competing effects will shape how much carbon the fastest-warming region on Earth can lock away.

Subject of Research: The seasonal growth, sinking, and carbon export of under-ice phytoplankton blooms in the Arctic's Chukchi Sea

Article Title: Currents in an Arctic sea accelerate the sinking of carbon-carrying phytoplankton

Article References: Currents in an Arctic sea accelerate the sinking of carbon-carrying phytoplankton. (n.d.). Original publication

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: Not provided

Keywords: phytoplankton, Chukchi Sea, Arctic, ocean currents, carbon cycle, sea ice, fronts, sediment traps, benthic ecosystems, nitrate, climate change, photosynthesis

The marginal ice zone, the sprawling and fractured ribbon of floes that separates the open ocean from the consolidated pack, is where wave-ice interactions matter most. Waves arriving from distant storms can flex and fracture floes, change their size distribution, drive currents along the ice edge, and alter the drag between the atmosphere, the ice, and the ocean. Yet despite decades of theoretical modeling, direct observational estimates of the magnitude of wave-induced momentum transfer to sea ice have remained scarce. The new work addresses this gap by treating the buoy network not merely as a wave detector but as a distributed measurement of the mechanical forcing that the ice actually experiences during storms.

One of the study’s central technical contributions is a new estimator of the attenuation power law, the relationship that describes how wave energy or amplitude decreases with distance traveled through ice. Attenuation in the marginal ice zone is commonly approximated by a power law in frequency, in which the attenuation coefficient grows with wave frequency raised to some exponent. Traditional methods for fitting this law require analysts to decide in advance whether wave energy is increasing or decreasing along the propagation path, an assumption that can bias results when buoys drift, storms evolve, or the ice itself changes. The new estimator removes the need for any sign selection and was validated against synthetic spectra before being applied to the field data, a precaution designed to guard against the spurious rollover artifacts that have plagued earlier field campaigns.

The resulting exponents are striking in their regime dependence. In winter pack ice, the study finds a frequency exponent of 2.55, with a 95 percent confidence interval spanning 2.28 to 2.82. In spring pack ice the estimate is 2.37, with a wider interval of 1.58 to 3.46 reflecting the smaller or noisier sample. But in a single autumn campaign over new, thin ice, the exponent jumps to 5.29, with a confidence interval of 4.84 to 5.60. That dramatic difference means there is no single universal attenuation law for the marginal ice zone. Thin new ice, which offers little mechanical resistance, attenuates high-frequency wave energy far more steeply with distance than the thicker, more coherent pack of winter and spring. For wave forecasters and coupled climate modelers, the message is that attenuation parameterizations must be conditioned on ice regime, not treated as constants.

The second major thread of the study concerns momentum, and it is here that the findings are perhaps most consequential. In essence, the author asked how much of the mechanical push that sets the ice in motion comes not from the wind directly but from the waves. Within 25 kilometers of the ice edge during storm conditions, the ratio of wave-induced momentum input to wind momentum input reaches as high as 0.32 at the 90th percentile, with a range of 0.02 to 0.46. In other words, at the outer margin of the ice, waves can contribute on the order of a third of the momentum that the wind alone would deliver, a share large enough to matter for ice drift, floe fracture, and the exchange of heat and salt across the ice-ocean interface.

Crucially, this wave contribution does not simply persist deep into the ice cover. The ratio decays inward from the ice edge with an exponential scale of 12 kilometers in the Barents Sea network, with a confidence interval of 9 to 22 kilometers, and 10 kilometers around Svalbard, with an interval of 8 to 12 kilometers. The author tested the robustness of these decay scales by allowing the drag coefficient to depend on both ice concentration and wind speed, and the results held. What makes the decay rate surprising is that it is faster than what the measured spectral attenuation of wave energy would predict. The waves lose energy at one rate, but the momentum they deliver to the ice falls off more quickly, a discrepancy that hints at additional physics, including directional spreading, scattering by individual floes, and the possibility that energy is dissipated locally within the ice rather than transmitted as organized motion.

That discrepancy becomes even more revealing when the direction of the forcing is considered. Where the wave stress and the wind stress are misaligned by more than 45 degrees, the residual of a wind-only model of ice motion grows systematically with the magnitude of the wave stress, with a Spearman rank correlation of 0.50 and a confidence interval of 0.14 to 0.70. This is a statistical fingerprint: when waves and winds point in different directions, the ice goes where a wind-only model says it should not, and the size of the error tracks the wave forcing. The implication is sobering for operational forecasting. Sea ice drift models that neglect wave momentum transfer will be most wrong precisely in the mixed, confused seas near the ice edge, where the misalignment between swell and local wind is largest and where shipping, fishing, and offshore operations are most active.

The study also tackles the dramatic process thatCaptures headlines: ice breakup. By scanning the buoy records for abrupt jumps in spectral variance, the author built a catalogue of 85 candidate breakup events. Of these, 43 occurred in ice with concentrations of at least 50 percent, and these in-ice events showed wave strains in the upper tail of the background strain distribution, indicating that the ice was being flexed harder than usual when the events occurred. Within three days of these events, the daily AMSR2 satellite concentration at the buoy locations dropped by a median of 9 percentage points. Nine of the ten strongest in-ice events show the same pattern in case-by-case validation: an energy jump while the ice concentration is still high, followed by a measurable concentration decline. While a concentration drop of a few points over three days cannot be attributed to waves with absolute certainty given the confounding influences of melt, divergence, and advection, the statistical consistency of the pattern across dozens of events strengthens the case that wave-induced flexure is a genuine driver of ice edge fragmentation.

The methodological transparency of the work deserves attention in its own right. Every sample count can be audited from candidate matches to final estimates through a published attrition budget, the analysis was conducted in MATLAB with a purpose-written ice fluid-structure interaction package, random seeds were fixed in the scripts, and bootstrap resampling with sizes between 500 and 2000 underpins all the confidence intervals quoted. The observational buoy datasets, ERA5 products, and AMSR2 concentrations are openly available from public repositories, and the derived data and processing scripts are documented and can be made available on reasonable request. In an era when wave-ice models are being coupled into operational sea ice forecasting systems and Earth system models, studies of this kind provide the empirical anchor that the models need. As the Arctic warms and the marginal ice zone widens in summer and shifts poleward in winter, the ocean’s waves are likely to reach further into the ice cover than at any time in the satellite record. Quantifying exactly how much push they deliver, and how quickly that push fades with distance into the pack, is a step toward predicting the future of the ice edge itself.

Subject of Research: Wave attenuation and wave-induced momentum transfer to sea ice in the Arctic marginal ice zone

Article Title: An observational study of wave attenuation and wave-induced momentum transfer to sea ice in the marginal ice zone

Article References: Yoladi, M. (2026). An observational study of wave attenuation and wave-induced momentum transfer to sea ice in the marginal ice zone. Ocean Dynamics, 76(10), Article 103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-026-01855-y

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s10236-026-01855-y

Keywords: marginal ice zone, wave attenuation, momentum transfer, sea ice, ice breakup, drifting buoys, Barents Sea, Svalbard, AMSR2, ERA5, Arctic, ocean waves

In the Arctic, the transformation is unambiguous and accelerating. The melt season has lengthened by approximately 7.4 days per decade between 1979 and 2024, a shift that compounds year after year as earlier snowmelt and later freeze-up expose dark ocean water to sunlight for longer periods. Winter sea-ice thickness has declined to a mean total of roughly 1.6 metres over 1980 to 2023, down from values that once routinely exceeded three metres in the central Arctic. Summer surface albedo, the fraction of incoming solar radiation reflected back to space, has fallen by about 0.03 per decade over 1979 to 2020, while spring snow depth on the ice has thinned by 2.5 centimetres per decade over the period 1954 to 2024. Each of these trends feeds the others in a self-reinforcing cascade.

The physical mechanism behind this cascade is the ice-albedo feedback. Fresh snow reflects up to ninety percent of incident sunlight, but once the snow melts, bare ice reflects far less, and melt ponds pooling on the surface reflect less still. As the Arctic melt season lengthens, more solar energy is absorbed by the ice-ocean system, warming the upper ocean and thinning the ice from below. Thinner ice breaks up more easily, creating more open water, which absorbs more heat and delays freeze-up further. Satellite records show that the Arctic’s once-dominant multiyear ice, ice that survives at least one summer melt, has been progressively replaced by thinner, more saline first-year ice that melts more readily. A regime shift in Arctic Ocean ice thickness has been documented, and the age structure of the ice pack has shifted decisively toward young ice.

The Antarctic tells a strikingly different story. Antarctic sea ice sits at the edge of a vast, cold continent surrounded by a circumpolar ocean, and its thickness is limited by rapid drift away from the coast and by heavy snow loading that can push the ice surface below sea level, flooding it and forming snow-ice. Unlike the Arctic, the Antarctic record through the satellite era showed a slight overall increase in extent through 2014, followed by abrupt declines, including record lows in 2017 and again in 2023 that have led some researchers to argue the region may have entered a new sea-ice state. Because regional trends in the Antarctic point in different directions in different sectors and different decades, the hemisphere-wide changes in ice properties are smaller than those observed in the Arctic, and the underlying drivers remain contested.

Snow plays a fundamentally different role at each pole. In the Arctic, snow insulates the ice from the cold atmosphere in winter, slowing growth, but its high albedo protects the ice in spring. Declining snow depth therefore removes a protective layer and accelerates surface melt. In the Antarctic, thick snow cover frequently depresses the ice surface below the waterline, and the resulting slush refreezes into snow-ice, adding mass from above. Antarctic snow also modulates the penetration of light into the ice and upper ocean, shaping the timing and productivity of ice-algal blooms that anchor polar marine food webs. Recent work shows that summer snowfall events in the Arctic, increasingly modulated by the Arctic Oscillation, can temporarily brighten the surface and slow melt, while rain-on-snow events darken it and hasten melt onset, making precipitation a critical and underappreciated player in the seasonal ice budget.

Dynamically, both hemispheres are becoming more restless. Sea-ice motion has increased by 0.63 centimetres per second per decade in the Arctic between 1978 and 2024 and by 0.69 centimetres per second per decade in the Antarctic between 1982 and 2024. Faster drift is partly a consequence of thinner, weaker ice that deforms more readily under wind and ocean stress, and partly a response to changing atmospheric circulation patterns. In the Arctic, accelerated drift increases export of ice through Fram Strait into the North Atlantic, draining the ice pack and contributing to the stepwise reduction of multiyear ice area since 1980. Smoother ice with fewer pressure ridges has been observed in a more dynamic Arctic, which reduces surface drag and further enhances drift speeds, another positive feedback loop.

Polynyas, recurring areas of open water within the ice pack, reveal some of the sharpest inter-hemispheric contrasts. Antarctic coastal polynyas, sustained by fierce katabatic winds off the ice sheet, are engines of sea-ice production and of Antarctic Bottom Water formation, the densest water mass in the global overturning circulation. Their occurrence and extent show regionally diverging trends, with emerging long-term trends and interdecadal cycles documented across the continent. In the Arctic, polynyas such as those in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and the Siberian shelves sustain hyperproductive ecosystems and contribute to intermediate and deep water formation, but their trends differ by region and are tied to distinct atmospheric and oceanic drivers. Offshore polynyas in the Antarctic, including the famous Weddell Polynya of the 1970s and its intermittent modern successors, are linked to Southern Hemisphere climate anomalies and to ocean heat ventilation, and recent extremes in Antarctic sea-ice extent have been modulated by this ventilation of ocean heat.

The consequences ripple far beyond the poles. Arctic amplification, the phenomenon by which the Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979, is substantially driven by sea-ice loss and the associated albedo feedback. Observational studies have quantified the radiative heating contributed by vanishing Arctic ice, and the loss of sea ice alters air-sea exchanges of heat, moisture and momentum, with implications for mid-latitude weather patterns. Ecologically, earlier melt onset and longer open-water seasons disrupt the tight phenological coupling between ice algae, zooplankton, fish, seabirds and marine mammals that have evolved around the seasonal ice cycle. In the Antarctic, strengthening snow and ice albedo feedback driven by recent sea-ice loss has now been observed, suggesting the Southern Ocean may be catching up to the Arctic in its climatic significance.

Looking forward, the review highlights major knowledge gaps and calls for joint model-observation efforts to close them. Observationally constrained projections indicate the Arctic could see its first ice-free summer, and even its first ice-free day, before 2030 under low emission scenarios, with the ice-free season projected to extend deep into autumn by century’s end. Antarctic projections remain far more uncertain because current climate models struggle to reproduce the observed variability and recent structural change in the Southern Ocean sea-ice system, and because snow depth, freeboard retrieval and thickness estimates from satellite altimetry carry large uncertainties in the south. The authors recommend coordinated campaigns combining satellite altimetry from ICESat-2 and CryoSat-2, autonomous buoy networks, ship-based observations and improved climate models to constrain snow depth, thickness, albedo and drift together. Only by treating the two polar ice covers as a coupled, hemispherically contrasted system, they argue, can scientists anticipate how the remaining sea ice will behave as the twenty-first century unfolds, and what that behaviour will mean for the climate, ecosystems and communities that depend on it.

Subject of Research: Long-term changes in the physical properties and processes of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice

Article Title: Changes in Arctic and Antarctic sea-ice properties and processes

Article References: Webster, M. A., Arndt, S., Bliss, A., Kacimi, S., Maksym, T., Massonnet, F., Riihelä, A., & Toyota, T. (2026). Changes in Arctic and Antarctic sea-ice properties and processes. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-026-00816-9

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1038/s43017-026-00816-9

Keywords: sea ice, Arctic, Antarctic, climate change, albedo, snow depth, sea-ice thickness, polynyas, melt season, satellite observations, cryosphere, polar climate

Thermokarst lakes are among the most dynamic features of the permafrost region. They form when ice-rich permafrost thaws and the ground subsides, creating depressions in which meltwater collects. Over years, decades and even millennia, these depressions grow into lakes. Paradoxically, the lakes then accelerate the very process that creates them: because liquid water conducts heat more effectively than frozen soil, a thermokarst lake drives further thawing beneath and around its basin. As the once-frozen organic carbon locked in the permafrost becomes accessible, microbes convert it into greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, which can escape into the atmosphere. This feedback loop makes thermokarst lakes a key concern for scientists studying how Arctic carbon stores will respond to a warming climate, and it explains why the region’s lakes are not merely scenery but active players in the global climate system.

Dr Ingmar Nitze, a permafrost researcher at AWI in Potsdam, emphasises how much is at stake for the people who live in this landscape. ‘They are of great importance for local communities, as they are often the only source of drinking water,’ he says. The situation is complicated by the nature of the frozen ground itself: permafrost that in places extends several hundred metres below the surface acts as an impermeable barrier, preventing groundwater from being readily available. At the same time, surface waters can be heavily contaminated by pollutants, bacteria and industrial waste, meaning that communities frequently depend on a limited number of freshwater lakes. When one of those lakes suddenly drains away, the consequences for the local water supply can be immediate and severe.

The Lost Lakes platform addresses this problem by combining map views, time-series charts and satellite forecasts to display water levels across the Arctic in near real time. Users can examine spatial patterns, long-term trends and current satellite imagery for lakes in their own region or anywhere else in the permafrost zone. ‘Local people, who spend a lot of time in this landscape, are usually the first to notice its constant ongoing change,’ Nitze explains. ‘With Lost Lakes, they now also have access to real-time scientific data that support these personal observations, help them monitor the wider environment and may also enable them to plan necessary courses of action more effectively.’ The interactive dashboard is deliberately designed to be usable not just by researchers but by residents, hunters, herders and local authorities who need practical, up-to-date information about the waters they rely on.

The data assembled so far reveal a striking picture of recent change. Since 2016, just under 10,000 Arctic lakes have lost a sizeable proportion of their area or have disappeared entirely. The losses are not evenly distributed through the year. Most lakes drain suddenly shortly after snowmelt and up to the height of summer, between June and early August. Warm temperatures and snowy winters destabilise the permafrost, and the excess meltwater can carve lateral breaches along lake shores through which the entire water body escapes. A lake that may have existed for centuries can thus empty in a single event. The platform’s records show that an exceptionally large number of lakes disappeared in the summers of 2018, 2020 and 2022, years that followed extremely warm and snowy winters which preconditioned the ground for deeper summer thawing and subsequent lateral drainage.

Significant regional differences also emerge from the data, reflecting the strong dependence of lake dynamics on climate, subsoil and the condition of the permafrost itself. Western Alaska’s Seward Peninsula stands out as one of the most severely affected areas, where many of the largest lakes have vanished over roughly the past two decades. In the winter of 2017/2018 alone, 192 lakes on the peninsula drained completely or partially, almost twice as many as in the previous record years of 2005 and 2006. ‘North-western Alaska is heavily impacted by changing climate patterns, with new record highs for temperatures and precipitation recorded in recent years,’ Nitze notes. ‘This year, too, we have already observed a few notable lakes that are in the process of disappearing.’ The pattern suggests that as air temperatures and snowfall continue to climb, drainage events may become more frequent across ever larger parts of the Arctic.

Distinguishing a genuine, permanent lake drainage from a temporary dip in water level is one of the central technical challenges the AWI team had to solve. A lake can appear smaller in a satellite image for many benign reasons, including seasonal evaporation, ice cover or unusual viewing conditions. To make reliable statements from orbit, the researchers developed a numerical index calculated from satellite data that allows them to classify their observations. It is considered highly likely that a lake is losing water if it appears significantly smaller than expected in the imagery, or if its extent falls below the absolute minimum recorded since 2017. Beyond simple water surface area, the team analyses multispectral satellite images in ways that reveal surface water, snow and ice cover, exposed ground and vegetation, providing a much richer picture of what is happening around each lake.

‘With Lost Lakes, we can automatically and in near real time determine, for every lake in the Arctic permafrost region, whether sudden or gradual, persistent water losses are merely temporary anomalies or whether they are actually ushering in the permanent disappearance of a lake,’ Nitze explains. This capability turns what was once a laborious, region-by-region mapping exercise into a continuous, pan-Arctic monitoring system. For climate scientists, the resulting records offer a window into how rapidly permafrost landscapes are reorganising in response to warming. For communities on the ground, the same records function as an early warning system, flagging lakes at risk before the water is gone.

Lost Lakes did not appear in isolation. It forms part of the Permafrost Discovery Gateway, a freely accessible online platform that provides information on permafrost conditions across the Arctic, offering large spatial datasets and tools that local communities, researchers and the general public can use conveniently. Since 2023, an international group of experts including the AWI has been developing an artificial intelligence system for the gateway intended to make investigating Arctic permafrost thaw even faster and more effective. That effort, funded by Google.org to the tune of five million US dollars, embeds Lost Lakes within a broader infrastructure for Arctic observation and analysis.

Looking ahead, the AWI is also leading the Rapid Permafrost Thaw Carbon Trajectories project, known as PeTCaT, which continues and extends the analyses begun with Lost Lakes. PeTCaT aims to fill gaps in scientific understanding of rapid thaw processes and to build a novel dataset as a foundation for projections, highlighting potential future developments and the impact of greenhouse gases released from thawing permafrost. To achieve this, AWI is collaborating with researchers from Germany, the United States, Canada, the Netherlands and Sweden, with the project supported by a ten million US dollar fund from the non-profit organisation Schmidt Sciences. Together, these initiatives signal a shift in Arctic science: from periodic snapshots of a slowly changing landscape to a continuous, community-accessible watch over one of the planet’s most rapidly transforming environments, where lakes that sustained generations can vanish between one summer and the next.

Subject of Research: A satellite-based monitoring platform for detecting drainage and area changes of thermokarst lakes in Arctic permafrost regions

Article Title: Disappearing lakes: new data platform on permafrost lakes in the Arctic

Article References: Disappearing lakes: new data platform on permafrost lakes in the Arctic. (n.d.). Original publication

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: Not provided

Keywords: permafrost, thermokarst lakes, Arctic, lake drainage, satellite monitoring, Alfred Wegener Institute, climate change, drinking water, Permafrost Discovery Gateway, PeTCaT, greenhouse gases, Alaska