The research, led by Monique Turner, professor and chair of the Department of Communication at MSU’s College of Communication Arts and Sciences, examined the nonviolent mobilizing outcomes of anger, including its association with political action and voting intentions. Turner and her colleagues in the department, Ellen Reinhart, a postdoctoral scholar, Dustin Carnahan, an associate professor, and David Markowitz, a Red Cedar Distinguished Professor, developed and tested a framework they call the Anger Activism Model, or AAM. The model’s central proposition is that anger does not act alone. Rather, it interacts with perceived efficacy, and in this study the researchers focused on a specific type of internal political efficacy: the belief in one’s own ability to participate in politics effectively.

While existing scholarship has explored the role of fear in politics, far less is known about how anger operates in the political arena. To address that gap, the team surveyed almost 2,000 U.S. adults five weeks before the 2024 presidential election. The timing was deliberate. By capturing respondents in the final stretch of a high-stakes campaign, the researchers could examine how anger and different forms of political efficacy related to participants’ commitment to nonviolent political activism, such as volunteering for a campaign, as well as their intention to cast a ballot.

The results revealed a striking asymmetry between two forms of political engagement. Political anger can indeed make someone politically active, but participation depends on whether people believe they can do something about what is making them angry, and on whether the goal is activism or voting. Among people who doubted they could change what angers them, stronger anger actually increased their willingness to be politically active. Yet despite anger serving as a catalyst for action in that group, people experiencing extreme anger showed lower interest in voting. In other words, the angriest respondents were among the least likely to say they would show up at the polls.

That counterintuitive finding carries significant implications for anyone who assumes that outrage is a reliable turnout strategy. The study suggests that anger alone does not exclusively mobilize; it must exist alongside a credible pathway to action. Communication professionals and political campaigns, the researchers argue, must offer concrete ways for people to act, and they may need additional efforts to convert anger into votes, because those who feel the most intense anger may be the least inclined to participate electorally. Relying on extreme anger to encourage voting, the authors warn, could backfire among people who already feel powerless to change their circumstances.

Turner emphasizes that the findings should not be read as a dismissal of anger as a political force. Anger, she notes, does not always equate to aggression or violence. When people are empowered to change angering situations, they are more likely to engage in prosocial behaviors, from volunteering to peaceful organizing. The key variable is empowerment. It is important to understand that anger is a mobilizer, Turner said, but our study calls attention to the fact that the kind of action people take depends on whether they feel change is possible.

From a technical standpoint, the study’s design helps clarify why previous assumptions about anger and mobilization have been inconsistent. By distinguishing between internal political efficacy, a person’s belief in their own capacity to participate effectively, and the emotional intensity of anger itself, the Anger Activism Model treats these as interacting rather than independent predictors. The same level of anger can produce very different behavioral outcomes depending on where a person falls on the efficacy spectrum. For individuals low in efficacy, anger appears to push them toward forms of activism that may feel more immediately expressive, while the act of voting, which requires confidence that a ballot can alter a political outcome, becomes less appealing as anger intensifies without a sense of agency.

The practical consequences extend well beyond campaign strategy. With political polarization deepening across the United States, understanding the role of political anger has become a pressing concern for researchers, policymakers and civic professionals alike. The findings suggest that efforts to encourage civic participation may need to do more than tap into voters’ anger. Rather, the researchers argue, those seeking to boost engagement must understand that people need to hold the belief that they can drive change. That means pairing emotional appeals with tangible, credible opportunities for action, and designing outreach that builds a sense of efficacy rather than assuming it already exists.

For practitioners, the research adds a valuable layer to the ongoing conversation about the role of anger in contemporary politics. Anger can be an important vehicle for mobilization, but it is not a self-sufficient one. As the 2026 midterms approach and voters report feeling everything from excitement to fear, the MSU team’s work offers a reminder that the emotional temperature of the electorate matters less than whether individuals believe their actions, whether a ballot, a phone call or a volunteer shift, can actually change the situations that anger them. In a political environment where outrage is abundant and agency often feels scarce, the study suggests that the campaigns and organizations that succeed will be those that supply not just reasons to be angry, but believable routes to making a difference.

Subject of Research: How political anger and perceived efficacy interact to shape nonviolent political activism and voting intentions

Article Title: MSU research: Belief in change matters more than political anger

Article References: MSU research: Belief in change matters more than political anger. (n.d.). Original publication

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: Not provided

Keywords: political psychology, political anger, voter turnout, civic engagement, political efficacy, Michigan State University, PLOS ONE, 2026 midterm elections, political communication, Anger Activism Model, research, Belief