The research team, led by scientists from Pondicherry University’s Andaman Campus, Nagasaki University, and Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University, systematically evaluated hundreds of studies to build the case that enzymes evolved under punishing marine conditions possess biochemical properties that terrestrial counterparts simply cannot replicate. Marine microbes thrive in salinities reaching five molar sodium chloride, temperatures spanning from subzero to above 100 degrees Celsius, and hydrostatic pressures exceeding 100 megapascals. These extremes have forged enzymes with exceptional thermostability, halotolerance, psychrophilicity, and catalytic efficiency, properties that translate directly into advantages for biomedical applications where conventional enzymes and drugs often fail.

The urgency of the search is underscored by sobering epidemiological data. A 2024 systematic analysis in The Lancet attributed 1.27 million direct deaths and 4.95 million associated deaths to bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019 alone, with forecasts projecting 1.91 million direct attributable deaths and 8.22 million associated deaths annually by 2050. Without accelerated intervention, the cumulative toll between 2025 and 2050 could reach 39 million deaths. Meanwhile, chronic inflammation quietly drives autoimmune disease, cardiovascular pathology, and neurodegeneration, while many existing cancer drugs suffer from off-target toxicity and eventual treatment resistance. The review positions marine enzymes as a fundamentally different therapeutic class capable of addressing all three challenges simultaneously.

In the inflammation arena, the standouts are superoxide dismutases, laccases, and chitinases. Superoxide dismutase catalyzes the dismutation of the superoxide anion into hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen, intercepting reactive oxygen species before they can generate the highly destructive peroxynitrite that damages lipids, proteins, and mitochondria. Marine versions, particularly the nickel-containing SOD found in cyanobacteria such as Prochlorococcus marinus, exhibit faster reaction rates and greater oxidative stress tolerance than conventional copper-zinc enzymes. In animal models of carrageenan-induced edema, marine SOD treatment reduced swelling, malondialdehyde levels, nitric oxide synthase activity, and leukocyte infiltration, while suppressing the master inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB and lowering secretion of the cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. The commercially developed TetraSOD ingredient, derived from the microalga Tetraselmis chuii, demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits in a rat model of metabolic syndrome, suggesting near-term applications in autoimmune, neuroinflammatory, and metabolic disorders.

Marine laccases, multicopper oxidases produced by fungi and bacteria in environments ranging from Antarctic waters to hypersaline lagoons, complement this antioxidant arsenal. Unlike peroxidases, which require hydrogen peroxide as a co-substrate and can become unstable during clinical use, laccases directly use molecular oxygen to oxidize phenolic inflammatory mediators. They also suppress NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in vitro, reducing IL-6 and TNF-α release. Chitinases add a third mechanism by hydrolyzing chitin into chitooligosaccharides that engage the pattern recognition receptors TLR9 and NOD2, triggering production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Recent work suggests the chitinase CHIT1 promotes microglial phagocytosis of amyloid plaques in models of Alzheimer’s disease, hinting at neuroprotective applications.

The oncology story is equally compelling, built on the principle of exploiting metabolic vulnerabilities unique to tumor cells. Marine-derived L-asparaginase, isolated from organisms including Bacillus tequilensis, Streptomyces species, and marine fungi, starves asparagine-dependent cancer cells by depleting extracellular L-asparagine, which activates p53-mediated apoptotic signaling and triggers mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, cytochrome c release, and caspase activation. One marine fungal asparaginase achieved an IC50 of 3.79 micrograms per milliliter against HCT-116, HepG2, and MCF-7 cancer cell lines, and importantly, marine variants show reduced glutaminase-associated toxicity and lower hypersensitivity potential compared with the Escherichia coli formulations currently used in leukemia therapy. Marine L-glutaminases from Halomonas meridiana and Halomonas aquamarina target glutamine-addicted colorectal tumors, with reported IC50 values of 7.0 and 13.2 micrograms per milliliter against LS 174 T and HCT-116 cells respectively, inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial damage through cyclophilin A-caspase signaling.

Beyond nutrient starvation, marine enzymes attack tumors through oxidative and structural routes. Laccases from marine Streptomyces generate reactive oxygen species that preferentially damage tumor mitochondria, activating Bax, releasing cytochrome c, and downregulating the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, while oxidase-inspired nanozyme systems have demonstrated ferroptosis-mediated tumor suppression with negligible systemic toxicity in preclinical models. Alkaline proteases from marine Streptomyces and Pseudoalteromonas species degrade collagen, fibronectin, and laminin in the tumor extracellular matrix, disrupting integrin signaling, softening stromal mechanics, and interfering with the invasive architecture that shields tumors from immune surveillance and drug penetration. Because tumor and normal tissues differ in nutrient dependence, redox balance, and matrix composition, these enzyme strategies achieve a degree of selectivity that conventional chemotherapy struggles to match.

The most dramatic results, however, may lie in the fight against antimicrobial resistance. Biofilms, the sticky extracellular polymeric fortresses that pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus construct to shield themselves from antibiotics and immune attack, are a leading cause of chronic, treatment-refractory infections. Marine alginate lyases from Flavobacterium, Sphingomonas, and Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora specifically cleave the alginate strands of Pseudomonas biofilms, and when combined with the antibiotic ceftobiprole, achieved biofilm reductions of 60 to 69 percent, dramatically enhancing antibiotic penetration compared with antibiotic treatment alone. Serine and alkaline proteases bearing the catalytic Ser-His-Asp triad degrade bacterial surface proteins and biofilm matrix components, lowering minimum inhibitory concentrations of co-administered antibiotics, while marine chitinases breach fungal cell walls and affect Gram-positive bacteria. Collagenases and thiol proteases further destabilize established biofilms in models of persistent infection.

Yet the path from laboratory promise to clinical reality remains steep. Most marine enzymes evolved for conditions far from the human body’s 37 degrees Celsius and near-neutral pH, so protein engineering, PEGylation, and nanoparticle encapsulation are often needed to ensure physiological compatibility. The vast majority of ocean microbes cannot be cultured in the laboratory, a problem known as the great plate count anomaly, locking countless candidate enzymes within microbial dark matter, though metagenomics, single-cell genomics, and functional screening are now bypassing the need for cultivation. No pharmacokinetic profiles, immunogenicity assessments, or clinical trial data yet exist for these candidates, and regulatory pathways for marine-derived enzyme therapeutics remain underdeveloped. Directed evolution and recombinant expression systems have already demonstrated more than 100-fold improvements in catalytic efficiency for engineered protein systems, and artificial intelligence-guided discovery promises to accelerate identification of optimal candidates.

The review’s authors argue that the coming decade offers a transformational window if researchers prioritize preclinical validation, dose optimization, and early-phase human trials for the most advanced candidates, particularly asparaginase isoforms and alginate lyases. They also stress that bioprospecting must proceed under the Nagoya Protocol and ocean conservation frameworks to ensure that the exploitation of these genetic resources protects the very biodiversity that produced them. With antimicrobial resistance projected to claim tens of millions of lives by mid-century and inflammatory and oncological disease burdens rising worldwide, the humble enzymes of ocean microbes, refined by eons of evolutionary pressure in Earth’s most hostile environments, may prove to be among the most valuable biomedical resources humanity has yet to fully harvest.

Subject of Research: Marine microbial enzymes as therapeutic agents against chronic inflammation, cancer, and antimicrobial resistance

Article Title: Marine microbial enzymes as the next frontier in combating chronic inflammation, cancer, and global antimicrobial resistance

Article References: Kumar, A., Soratur, A., Kumar, S., Sarkar, A., Thiruchitrambalam, G., & Venmathi Maran, B. A. (2026). Marine microbial enzymes as the next frontier in combating chronic inflammation, cancer, and global antimicrobial resistance. Discover Oceans, 3(1), Article 49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44289-026-00161-1

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s44289-026-00161-1

Keywords: marine microbial enzymes, extremozymes, antimicrobial resistance, chronic inflammation, superoxide dismutase, L-asparaginase, alginate lyase, biofilm disruption, cancer therapy, marine biotechnology, NF-kB signaling, bioprospecting