Metamaterials are a cutting-edge category of materials constructed to exhibit extraordinary physical behaviors not typically found in nature, engineered through tailored structural designs at microscale or mesoscale levels. The Edinburgh team’s approach uniquely incorporates the shapes and forms of Chinese characters as foundational design motifs for such materials. Chinese characters, characterized by their distinct and richly varied geometries confined within a balanced square structure, offer unprecedented versatility. Their combination of curves, crossbeams, and gradated strokes provide an architectural complexity that lends itself naturally to complex mechanical functions.

The researchers selected four representative Chinese characters for their experimental models: “man” (人), which resembles a tapered inverted “V”; “large” (大), adding a horizontal stroke through the “man” character’s core; “sky” (天), which incorporates an additional horizontal stroke above that of “large”; and “husband” (夫), which mirrors “sky” but with a shorter, offset upper horizontal stroke. These characters were chosen deliberately due to their structural similarities and incremental complexity—ideal for systematic investigation.

Through rigorous mechanical compression testing, the team observed that thin, diverging elements akin to the strokes in the “man” character exhibited early deformation under stress, illustrating how curvature directly influences material stiffness and flexibility. The characters incorporating horizontal strokes acted like integrated crossbeams, effectively distributing load stress among neighboring elements. This structural reinforcement delays material failure and enhances overall stability—an insight critical for engineering materials requiring high durability and load-bearing capacity.

This study underscores that shape and patterning—embodied here through calligraphic symbols—can be as influential as material composition in defining mechanical behavior. The research provides a blueprint for designing metamaterials whose functional properties are programmable through structural geometry alone. Such control is vital for applications ranging from aerospace components that require lightweight yet strong materials, to adaptive architectural elements that respond dynamically to environmental forces.

Beyond the immediate mechanical findings, the use of Chinese characters bridges STEM with humanities, prompting a novel interdisciplinary dialogue. These symbols are not only carriers of linguistic meaning but also repositories of artistic and structural wisdom honed over millennia. By integrating linguistic aesthetics with scientific innovation, the research cultivates new avenues for collaboration among engineers, material scientists, historians, and cultural scholars.

Parvez Alam, co-author on the research, emphasized the vast potential of symbolic design—pointing out that the exhaustiveness of Chinese scripts is but one source of inspiration. Other scripts, including Bengali letters, Arabic calligraphy, or any ornate, structured symbols, could similarly seed metamaterial architectures rich in mechanical complexity. The synthesis of cultural forms and scientific design promises to invigorate both materials innovation and cultural appreciation.

The work also illustrates fundamental mechanical principles applicable beyond symbolic designs. The interplay between curvature-induced flexibility and crossbeam-like reinforcement provides universal insights for materials engineering. By observing how discrete geometrical features govern deformation pathways and load distribution, engineers can craft metamaterials finely tuned for specific mechanical responses—from enhanced elasticity to controlled buckling.

This investigation is a testament to the importance of geometric topology in materials science. The carefully constructed square grid that Chinese characters inhabit allows for modular unit cells, facilitating the translation of ancient written forms into functional engineering designs. Each unit cell’s architecture directly influences the macroscopic properties of the assembled metamaterial, highlighting the critical role of mesoscale design.

In summary, this pioneering study demonstrates how the intersection of cultural geometry and scientific rigor can produce meta-architectures with tailored mechanical properties. The use of Chinese characters to design metamaterials is an elegant example of how traditional knowledge, culturally embedded symbols, and modern engineering can coalesce to generate new materials with transformative potential. It signals a burgeoning era where materials science is enriched by diverse cultural imprints, fostering innovations that are not just technical, but also deeply humanistic.

Looking forward, the researchers hope this work will inspire further exploration of symbolic and pattern-based metamaterial designs across different cultures and scripts. The notion that “STEM is fun, but so is everything else,” as Alam states, encapsulates the spirit of this interdisciplinary venture—where science, culture, and creativity converge to redefine what materials can be.

For those interested in delving deeper into this emergent field, the full article, “Mechanical metamaterials built from Chinese characters,” authored by Chloe Doey Leung and Parvez Alam, is accessible through The Journal of Applied Physics as of April 21, 2026. This publication not only broadens the scientific comprehension of metamaterials but also celebrates the profound impact of cultural heritage on modern engineering challenges.

Subject of Research: Mechanical metamaterials inspired by the geometric structure of Chinese characters.

Article Title: Mechanical metamaterials built from Chinese characters

News Publication Date: April 21, 2026

Web References: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0304459

References: Leung, C. D., & Alam, P. (2026). Mechanical metamaterials built from Chinese characters. The Journal of Applied Physics. DOI: 10.1063/5.0304459

Image Credits: Chloe Doey Leung and Parvez Alam

Keywords

Metamaterials, Mechanical properties, Chinese characters, Structural design, Materials science, Applied physics, Cultural geometry, Mechanical testing, Material stiffness, Load distribution, Crossbeam reinforcement, Interdisciplinary research

Ceria, or cerium dioxide, is a well-established oxide with remarkable ionic conductivity and catalytic properties. Its role as a redox-active material allows it to participate in various chemical reactions, which is why it has garnered attention in fields such as energy conversion and storage. However, the introduction of rare-earth elements into the cerium lattice can lead to substantial modifications in its electronic and optical behaviors, enhancing the material’s overall effectiveness. This tailoring of properties through doping has opened up new avenues for its use in next-generation devices.

The synthesis processes employed for creating rare-earth doped ceria are both diverse and complex, catering to different desired characteristics. From traditional methods like solid-state synthesis to more modern techniques such as sol-gel processes and hydrothermal synthesis, researchers are constantly refining their approaches to optimize the structural and functional attributes of ceria. These methodologies not only influence the final morphology of the material but can also dictate its defect concentration and distribution, which play a crucial role in its performance.

Defect engineering stands at the forefront of enhancing the properties of ceria. By intentionally modifying the concentration and type of defects, such as oxygen vacancies and cerium ions, scientists can significantly alter the material’s electronic structure and transport properties. This manipulation is critical in various applications, such as improving the efficiency of solid oxide fuel cells, where enhanced ionic conductivity translates to better energy conversion metrics. Identifying the correct balance of defects allows researchers to tune these properties for specific applications, showcasing the nuanced relationship between structure and function.

Notably, the incorporation of rare-earth elements like Yttrium, Neodymium, and Europium into ceria can yield beneficial alterations in defect dynamics. These rare-earth dopants not only stabilize the ceria structure but also introduce new energy levels within the bandgap. This phenomenon can enhance the absorption characteristics of the material, making it suitable for photocatalytic applications, where light absorption is essential. As such, ongoing research is dedicated to comprehensively understanding the interplay between doping concentrations, heat treatment processes, and defect landscapes.

The implications of these advancements extend beyond mere theoretical discussions. The practical applications of rare-earth doped ceria are far-reaching, intersecting with critical global needs such as clean energy, pollution control, and efficient electronic devices. For example, in the realm of catalysis, tailored ceria has been shown to exhibit superior performance in both oxidative and reductive reactions, making it a prime candidate for catalytic converters used in automotive and industrial emissions control. Moreover, as society shifts towards more sustainable energy sources, the demand for efficient catalysts will only grow, further emphasizing the importance of research in this domain.

Solid oxide fuel cells represent another frontier where rare-earth doped ceria can make a profound impact. By enhancing ionic conductivity and stability at elevated temperatures, doped ceria materials can significantly improve fuel cell efficiency. The durability and performance of these devices are crucial in the transition towards hydrogen-based energy systems, a development that could play a pivotal role in combating climate change.

In the realm of sensor technologies, the advancements achieved through defect engineering and rare-earth doping of ceria are equally transformative. Gas sensors exploiting the unique properties of ceria can detect harmful pollutants at lower concentrations, contributing to environmental monitoring and public health. As the technology matures, the integration of these sensors into everyday applications promises to promote a safer, greener world.

As research continues to explore the depths of rare-earth doped ceria, new opportunities for innovation are bound to unfold. The nuanced understanding of synthesis techniques and defect dynamics, combined with practical applications, will likely lead to unprecedented breakthroughs in materials science. The challenge remains to bridge the gap between theoretical understanding and real-world application, ensuring that the next generation of materials can meet the complexities of modern demands.

In conclusion, rare-earth doped ceria presents a fascinating intersection of science and application, embodying the potential for significant advancements in material performance. The ongoing inquiries into its synthesis, defect engineering, and functional adaptations highlight a commitment to not only expanding knowledge but also addressing global challenges through innovative material solutions. As researchers unravel the complexities of this exciting material, the implications for technology, sustainability, and efficiency promise to be both profound and transformative.

With the future of research favoring interdisciplinary approaches, the collaboration among chemists, physicists, and engineers will be essential in harnessing the capabilities of rare-earth doped ceria. Through collaborative efforts, the quest for optimal material properties can transition from lab-scale experiments to large-scale implementations, catalyzing a revolution in how technologies are developed and utilized across various sectors.

As the study of rare-earth doped ceria unfolds further, we can anticipate the emergence of new complexities that challenge our existing paradigms. It is this dynamism in research that ultimately drives innovation, guiding society towards new solutions that align with environmental sustainability and technological advancement. This research highlights not just the transformative potential of materials but also the imperative to continually push boundaries in the pursuit of knowledge and application.

Subject of Research: Rare-earth doped ceria

Article Title: Rare-earth doped ceria: Comparative insights into synthesis, defect engineering, and functional applications.

Article References: Kumar, S., Arya, P.C., Mondal, C. et al. Rare-earth doped ceria: Comparative insights into synthesis, defect engineering, and functional applications. Ionics (2026). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-025-06948-0

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s11581-025-06948-0

Keywords: Rare-earth doped ceria, synthesis, defect engineering, ionic conductivity, solid oxide fuel cells, catalysis, environmental applications, materials science, energy storage.

The crystal structure prediction (CSP) process traditionally comprises two main stages: structure exploration and structure relaxation. In the exploration phase, a multitude of potential structures is generated, often leveraging random generation methods, while the relaxation phase seeks to refine these structures to identify stable configurations through energy minimization techniques. Notably, the random generation approach tends to yield numerous unstable and low-density structures. Conventional methods founded on density functional theory (DFT), used for structure relaxation, demand substantial computational resources and time, creating barriers to effective predictive modeling.

The SPaDe-CSP workflow aims to circumvent these traditional limitations by utilizing machine learning (ML) techniques to first predict probable space groups and crystal densities before engaging in the more computationally expensive phase of structure relaxation. By filtering out less viable candidates in advance, the researchers have created a streamlined pathway that enhances the efficiency of crystal structure prediction. This innovative approach allows scientists to focus computational efforts only on the most promising candidates, significantly accelerating the overall process.

The development of SPaDe-CSP involved utilizing data from the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD), an extensive repository of crystallographic data. The researchers compiled a dataset comprising 32 different space group candidates with over 169,000 data entries. By employing MACCSKeys as the molecular fingerprint and LightGBM as the predictive model function, the team could generate accurate predictions, swiftly narrowing the search space for organic crystal candidates. Furthermore, they leveraged advanced interpretive techniques utilizing Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) analysis, identifying crucial structural characteristics that contribute to effective predictions.

After refining their machine learning models, the researchers proceeded to a lattice sampling phase. This stage produced unrelaxed structures that were subsequently subjected to structure relaxation through an efficient neural network potential (NNP) that had been pretrained on DFT data. This two-step approach not only improves the accuracy of structure prediction but also generates detailed energy density diagrams indicative of the target molecule’s potential configurations. As a result, SPaDe-CSP can effectively produce reliable predictive outcomes while reducing the computational burden.

The researchers rigorously tested their workflow on both a model molecule sourced from the CSD dataset and 20 diverse organic molecules, ensuring the methodology’s generalizability. The results were not only validated against existing experimental crystal structures but were also benchmarked against traditional random-CSP outcomes. The findings revealed that the success of crystal structure prediction is positively correlated with specific hyperparameters, notably a higher probability threshold for filtering space groups and a narrower crystal density tolerance window.

Remarkably, the results indicated that SPaDe-CSP achieved a successful prediction rate for 80% of the tested compounds—twice the success rate compared to random-CSP methods. Importantly, the researchers identified a critical structural descriptor that showed a linear relationship with the success rate, highlighting the intricate interplay between molecular and crystal-level features in determining successful outcomes in crystal structure prediction.

The implications of such advancements are profound, particularly in the realms of pharmaceuticals and material science. Taniguchi indicates that the SPaDe-CSP strategy can revolutionize the pipeline for discovering and designing new molecules. This innovation stands to enhance the identification of the most stable and effective crystal forms of new drugs—critical factors influencing drug solubility, shelf life, and overall therapeutic effectiveness. Moreover, the potential for computational screening of new functional materials with optimized electronic properties could reshape entire industries, accelerating the development of next-generation technologies.

In summary, the introduction of SPaDe-CSP represents a significant leap forward in crystal structure prediction methodologies, effectively combining the powers of machine learning with traditional computational techniques. By making the process faster, more reliable, and more economically feasible, this breakthrough holds the promise of advancing not only scientific research but also practical applications in healthcare and material innovation. This study not only sheds light on the potential for applied computational techniques in complex scientific problems but also accentuates the importance of interdisciplinary approaches to solving today’s pressing challenges.

Through this innovative workflow, Associate Professor Takuya Taniguchi and his team at Waseda University are not just offering a glimpse into the future of crystal structure prediction but also laying down a foundational tool that could prove invaluable in tackling some of the most critical needs in drug discovery and materials development.

Subject of Research: Crystal structure prediction in organic molecules
Article Title: Crystal structure prediction of organic molecules by machine learning-based lattice sampling and structure relaxation
News Publication Date: 13-Oct-2025
Web References: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/dd/d5dd00304k
References: DOI: 10.1039/d5dd00304k
Image Credits: Credit: Takuya Taniguchi from Waseda University

Keywords

Crystal structure prediction, machine learning, organic molecules, computational materials science, neural network potential, pharmaceutical design, data science, structure exploration, energy minimization.

At the heart of this groundbreaking adhesive is the concept of reversible bonds embedded within the polymer interface. Adhesion fundamentally relies on an interface—a molecularly blended zone where two materials meet and intermingle. Traditionally, adhesive bonds are permanent due to irreversible chemical linkages formed at these interfaces. By integrating reversible bonds that respond dynamically to external stimuli, the interface itself becomes a tunable medium, capable of strong adhesion and facile disassembly.

Central to the reversible adhesion mechanism is the formation of host–guest complexes, a paradigm of supramolecular chemistry where a ‘host’ molecule contains a cavity tailored to transiently entrap a complementary ‘guest’ molecule, much like a lock’s fit with a specific key. This non-covalent interaction is inherently reversible, enabling bond formation and dissociation under controlled conditions. However, executing this within polymer systems presents considerable hurdles, as bulky polymer chains restrict the mobility necessary for these host–guest interactions to manifest effectively at the interface.

The researchers ingeniously addressed this mobility problem by manipulating the polymers’ glass-transition temperature (T_g), a critical thermal threshold where polymer chains transition from a rigid, glassy state into a more flexible, rubber-like state. When the polymer temperature surpasses T_g, individual chain segments gain increased mobility, facilitating the diffusion and interaction of the embedded host and guest molecules across the interface. This thermal activation enables the reversible host–guest complexes to assemble and disassemble efficiently, under programmable conditions.

To validate their design principles, the Osaka team synthesized two complementary polymers, each functionalized with either the host or the guest moiety. By fine-tuning the molecular architecture and thermal properties, they achieved an interface that dynamically responds to temperature stimuli. Beyond macroscopic testing of adhesion strength and reversibility, the researchers employed neutron reflectometry, a powerful scattering technique that probes the interface at molecular scales. This allowed unprecedented visualization of the adhesive interface’s dynamic behavior during the bonding and peeling cycles.

The neutron studies revealed that at temperatures above T_g, polymer chains interdiffuse, enabling the host and guest groups to approach and penetrate the interface, forming stable, yet reversible complexes. When cooled below T_g or upon chemical modulation, these complexes dissociate, weakening the interfacial adhesion and allowing clean separation. Reheating or reversing the chemical triggers restores the host–guest complexation, enabling the bond to reform. This cycle of reversible complexation was repeatable over multiple adhesion events without degradation, signaling durability.

Such reversible adhesion technology holds transformative potential for a wide spectrum of industrial applications. Precision manufacturing could leverage adhesives that allow components to be reliably attached and subsequently detached without residue or damage, markedly improving yields and reducing waste. Electronics assembly, for example, could benefit from repositionable adhesives that facilitate repair and recycling. Additionally, this system’s non-destructive peelability could enable innovations in packaging and temporary protective coatings, all grounded in the molecular-level control afforded by supramolecular chemistry.

Crucially, this advancement addresses sustainability challenges by reducing adhesive waste and enabling material recovery. Conventional adhesives often contribute to persistent material contamination and disposal problems since they cannot be efficiently removed or reused. In contrast, these new polymeric adhesives support circular material flows by permitting dismantling on demand, aligning with broader environmental goals of waste minimization and resource conservation.

The research also underscores the synergy of experimental techniques bridging chemistry and materials physics. The interfacial phenomenon of reversible adhesion was dissected using precise neutron scattering methods coupled with thermal analysis, offering a molecular window into the dynamic behaviors once hidden within opaque bulk polymers. Such fundamental insights provide a roadmap for designing next-generation smart adhesives utilizing supramolecular interactions.

Looking ahead, optimizing the responsiveness of these adhesives to external stimuli such as pH, light, or electric fields could extend their utility into adaptive systems and responsive materials. Integrating these polymers into composites or functional coatings may also open fresh pathways for innovation. The University of Osaka team’s pioneering work sets a benchmark for future explorations into interface engineering—where molecular recognition catalyzes functional reversibility and resource efficiency in adhesion.

This remarkable achievement reinvents how materials stick and unstick, promising new possibilities for engineering reusability into the very molecular fabric of adhesives. As industries increasingly demand materials that are not only high-performing but also sustainable, supramolecular interface engineering stands poised to redefine the fundamentals of adhesion science.

Subject of Research: Not applicable

Article Title: Supramolecular Interface Engineering via Interdiffusion for Reusable and Dismantlable Polymer Adhesion

News Publication Date: 3-Oct-2025

Web References:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.202507939

Image Credits: Kenji Yamaoka

Keywords

Adhesives, Polymer engineering, Bond formation, Molecular dynamics, Supramolecular chemistry, Host guest chemistry, Molecular recognition, Materials testing, Structural analysis, Diffusion

Supercapacitors are rapidly becoming a focal point for energy storage solutions, offering the ability to deliver rapid bursts of energy and significantly extend the lifecycle of electronic devices. Their efficiency and performance can be substantially improved through proper electrode engineering. In this groundbreaking study, researchers, led by R. Farma, employed activated carbon derived from mahogany seed shells, enhanced further by the incorporation of carbon nanotubes. This dual-material approach opens new avenues in supercapacitor technology.

Mahogany seed shells represent a ubiquitous agricultural waste product that has generally been overlooked. Traditionally discarded or underutilized, these shells provide an excellent resource for creating activated carbon, a key component in various energy storage applications. The researchers’ meticulous method involved the thermal activation of these shells, resulting in a porous carbon structure ideal for electrochemical applications. This not only mitigates waste but also capitalizes on sustainability principles, merging waste management with innovative energy solutions.

In the activation process, the cellulose-rich mahogany seed shells undergo thermal decomposition, leading to a carbonized material that exhibits high surface area and porosity. These characteristics are critical for supercapacitors, where increased surface area correlates strongly with energy storage capacity. The present research provides evidence that mahogany seed shells can yield activated carbon with outstanding performances comparable to commercially available materials. This discovery is a significant stride toward greener materials in electrical engineering.

Moreover, the inclusion of carbon nanotubes enhances the performance of the activated carbon electrodes dramatically. Carbon nanotubes, renowned for their exceptional conductivity and structural integrity, improve the overall conductivity of the electrode material. Their unique one-dimensional structure offers pathways for electron transport, thereby facilitating rapid charge and discharge rates. This synergy between activated carbon from mahogany seed shells and carbon nanotubes positions the electrodes for superior functionality in energy storage systems.

The environmental implications of such a study are profound. By converting waste agricultural materials to high-value products, we not only reduce landfill contributions but also minimize the need for synthesizing more carbon technologies that heavily rely on fossil fuels and environmentally detrimental practices. The researchers advocate that this approach can serve as a model for other waste materials, creating a ripple effect across various industries striving for sustainability.

Energy-related applications serve as a crucial context for this research. With the global demand for efficient energy storage rising due to the proliferation of renewable energy resources, the development of sustainable materials for supercapacitors is more critical than ever. This study sheds light on how agricultural waste can be transformed into functional materials that significantly contribute to energy transition efforts. There is an unrealized potential in tapping into natural resources that abound in many regions, which presents opportunities for greener technologies.

Furthermore, the optimization of the synthesis process involved fine-tuning parameters such as temperature and activation time. This meticulous research allowed for an understanding of how various conditions could affect the surface morphology and electrochemical properties of the activated carbon. By experimenting with these variables, the researchers successfully maximized the performance metrics of the derived supercapacitor electrodes, paving the way for industrial applications.

The practical implications of using mahogany seed shells extend beyond mere academic interest; they address real-world utility in businesses and industries focused on renewable energy solutions. In a world increasingly conscious of carbon footprints, the potential for utilizing agricultural waste offers a sustainable pathway for future innovations in energy technologies. As this research gains traction, it highlights an essential narrative: sustainability in energy solutions can emerge from the most unexpected places.

As the research community eagerly anticipates further developments, the groundwork laid by this study functions as a catalyst for ongoing innovation. The implications for further exploration of agricultural waste are substantial. Whether it’s exploring different types of seed shells or other organic waste products, this research underscores the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in addressing global challenges.

The future of energy storage technologies holds immense promise when empowered by sustainable materials engineering. Each advancement, such as the one stemming from the activation of mahogany seed shells and carbon nanotubes, reinforces a narrative of synergy between technology, sustainability, and innovation. With continued research and development, the prospect of cleaner technologies that benefit both consumers and the environment draws nearer.

This enthusiasm for sustainability is mirrored in the broader scientific community. With collective efforts in interdisciplinary research, the potential for breakthroughs in supercapacitors expands. Other materials may be identified that mirror or exceed the properties demonstrated in this study, creating a continuous cycle of innovation. The pathway forward is certainly illuminated, and it beckons an era where waste becomes a resource, and sustainability is woven into the very fabric of technological advancement.

In conclusion, the research led by R. Farma and colleagues offers exciting prospects for sustainable energy storage solutions through ingenious material innovation. The synthesis of supercapacitor electrodes from mahogany seed shells-derived activated carbon modified with carbon nanotubes brings a unique approach to overcoming energy storage challenges. As the study sheds light on the capabilities of agricultural waste, it serves as a reminder of the importance of rethinking our approach towards energy materials and the significance of sustainability in shaping our future.

Subject of Research: Sustainable supercapacitor electrodes from agricultural waste

Article Title: Sustainable supercapacitor electrodes from mahogany seed shells-derived activated carbon modified with carbon nanotubes.

Article References:

Farma, R., Sitinjak, P.E., Apriyani, I. et al. Sustainable supercapacitor electrodes from mahogany seed shells-derived activated carbon modified with carbon nanotubes.
Ionics (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-025-06716-0

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-025-06716-0

Keywords: Supercapacitors, activated carbon, sustainability, mahogany seed shells, energy storage, carbon nanotubes.

This cutting-edge technique of pulsed laser deposition allows for the precise manipulation of metal atoms at the atomic level. By employing intense laser light in a vacuum, the researchers were able to ablate particular metal segments from their rotating target, creating a plasma that then deposits onto a substrate. This method not only allows for the deposition of metal atoms but also enables their implantation into the subsurface of the material. The result is the formation of robust films that exhibit unique characteristics by integrating seamlessly with the substrate, thus enhancing their durability and performance.

One of the most remarkable advantages of this new method is its cost-effectiveness. The traditional approach to producing HEA films requires expensive, pre-made alloy targets. In contrast, the innovative methodology developed by Miyajima and his colleagues leverages inexpensive pure metals. This shift in approach could drastically reduce production costs while maintaining the high-quality attributes associated with HEA films. The potential for widespread application in various industries, from aerospace to medical devices, becomes more feasible with this economic viability.

Further experiments conducted by the research team demonstrated a newfound capability for precise control over film thickness and depth during the deposition process. By regulating the ambient pressure during film formation, the researchers could manipulate these key parameters with remarkable accuracy. This newfound control accelerates the transition from laboratory research to practical applications, potentially benefitting a wide range of sectors that require high-performance materials.

The implications of this research reach far beyond the confines of the laboratory. With the ability to create HEA films that possess enhanced heat resistance, corrosion resistance, and gas barrier properties, various industries are poised to benefit significantly. The aerospace sector, which demands materials that can withstand extreme temperatures and pressures, could see a transformational shift in the materials employed for aircraft components. Additionally, the automotive and energy industries could lower operational costs while increasing the efficiency and longevity of their materials and systems.

The team anticipates applications extending into the realm of medical devices as well. In an era where medical technologies increasingly rely on advanced materials, the incorporation of high-entropy alloys can enhance the durability and effectiveness of surgical instruments, implants, and other critical devices. As the demand grows for materials that extend the life of products and enhance their functionality, the research outcomes could catalyze a significant shift in medical manufacturing.

As detailed in their publication in the prestigious journal Optics & Laser Technology, this research was made possible through a diverse array of funding sources. Support from the Suzuki Foundation, the Amada Foundation, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), and international collaborations has facilitated the exploration of this innovative technology. The integration of multidisciplinary expertise—from mechanical engineering to materials science—underscores the collaborative nature of modern scientific inquiry.

The research team also highlights the broader implications of their findings within the scientific community. By reducing the reliance on traditional alloy production methods, they are championing a sustainable approach to materials science. As awareness grows regarding environmental concerns and resource limitations, the adoption of such methodologies becomes increasingly relevant. The move toward utilizing pure metals not only caters to cost reduction but also aligns with global sustainability efforts in manufacturing and materials development.

The future of this innovative technique appears promising as researchers continue to explore its limitations and capabilities. Ongoing studies may enhance the understanding of how different elemental compositions can influence the properties of the resulting HEA films. As the scientific community endeavors to refine this process further, the potential for novel applications in yet unexplored fields remains significant.

In conclusion, the groundbreaking research from Kanazawa University represents a pivotal moment in materials science. The advancement in producing high-performance high-entropy alloy films through a cost-effective and versatile method marks a substantial leap towards practical applications across numerous industries. By transcending traditional barriers associated with alloy production, Miyajima and his collaborators are redefining the potential uses of high-entropy alloys and extending the future possibilities for advanced materials. As the research proceeds, the implications for real-world applications in aerospace, automotive, energy, and medical sectors are not just theoretical; they promise to reshape these industries fundamentally.

Subject of Research: Formation of high entropy alloy films using pulsed laser deposition
Article Title: Formation of high entropy alloy films on various substrates via pulsed laser deposition using a rotating multicomponent target
News Publication Date: 17-Jun-2025
Web References: DOI Link
References: Not applicable
Image Credits: © 2025 Miyajima, et al., Optics & Laser Technology

Keywords

High-entropy alloys, pulsed laser deposition, materials science, cost-effective manufacturing, aerospace applications, medical devices, corrosion resistance, heat resistance, gas barrier properties, sustainable materials.

At the heart of the study lies P3HB, a member of the polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) family, renowned for their biodegradability and environmental compatibility. PHAs possess the unique advantage of decomposing naturally in soil and marine environments, countering the persistent problem of plastic pollution. Despite their ecological benefits, PHAs have been historically limited in application by the intrinsic properties of their natural macromolecular structures, which restrict the range of material traits such as mechanical strength, flexibility, and melting temperature.

Chen’s team overcame these limitations by leveraging stereochemistry principles to manipulate the “handedness,” or chirality, of the polymer chains. Chirality refers to molecules that exist in two non-superimposable mirror-image forms called enantiomers, analogous to left and right hands. This subtle yet profound differentiation profoundly influences molecular interactions, material characteristics, and biological activities. By developing a catalytic process that can invert or control the stereochemical configuration of P3HB, the researchers unlocked access to a diverse array of stereoisomeric polymer variants.

This stereodivergent transformation enables the generation of enantiopure PHAs with tunable three-dimensional arrangements and physical properties tailored for specific industrial and biomedical applications. For instance, a particular stereochemical configuration may imbue a polymer with increased elasticity suitable for flexible packaging films, whereas another configuration might enhance rigidity beneficial in orthopedic implants or structural adhesives. The ability to fine-tune polymer morphology and performance via stereochemical control signifies a paradigm shift in biodegradable materials design.

Beyond material customization, the catalytic methodology also facilitates the depolymerization of these enhanced PHAs back into smaller, chiral monomers. These monomers serve as high-value building blocks for synthesizing pharmaceuticals, specialty polymers, and asymmetric catalysts, thus fully integrating the materials into a circular economy. By enabling repeated recycling and valorization of polymer waste, this approach mitigates environmental impacts and contributes to sustainable chemical manufacturing.

The implications of this research extend to multiple sectors. In packaging, these advanced biodegradable plastics promise enhanced durability and environmental degradability, offering an alternative to traditional petroleum-based plastics. The medical field could benefit from bio-compatible polymers with customizable properties for drug delivery systems or tissue engineering scaffolds. Additionally, the ability to recover and reuse chiral molecules paves the way for greener routes to pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals.

Chen’s group built on prior investigations where they modified synthetic P3HB to achieve superglue-like adhesion by altering microstructures, evidencing the versatility of P3HB as a functional biomaterial. This latest study, however, reverses the approach by beginning with naturally produced P3HB and applying catalytic conversions to achieve stereochemical diversity and recyclability, underscoring the dual advantages of biology-inspired sustainability and chemical innovation.

The catalytic system designed by Chen’s team employs enantioselective catalysts that can selectively interact with the natural polymer substrate, facilitating controlled stereochemical transformations at the macromolecular level. This precise control over polymer stereochemistry demands sophisticated synthetic strategies and an in-depth understanding of polymer catalysis and stereoselective reaction pathways.

Importantly, the research was made possible through robust collaboration and funding from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Basic Energy Sciences and Advanced Materials offices, reflecting the strategic significance of developing sustainable materials for the future energy and manufacturing landscape. The study involved co-first authors Jun-Jie Tian and Ruirui Li, alongside a team of chemists at Colorado State University, highlighting interdisciplinary efforts at the interface of polymer science, catalysis, and green chemistry.

This advance represents a significant leap toward a circular materials economy where bio-based polymers not only replace conventional plastics but also possess intrinsic recyclability and enhanced functional properties. Such materials can be repeatedly repurposed or chemically transformed without sacrificing performance, thereby drastically reducing post-consumer plastic waste and chemical pollution.

In conclusion, Eugene Chen and his team’s work heralds a new era of biodegradable, stereochemically versatile, and recyclable polyhydroxyalkanoate plastics. By fusing natural biosynthesis with cutting-edge catalytic chemistry, they have established a modular platform to design high-performance polymers aligned with sustainability goals. This innovation offers promising pathways to address global environmental challenges posed by plastic waste while advancing the frontier of polymer science.

Subject of Research: Development of stereodivergent transformation methods for natural polyesters to create recyclable and high-performance biodegradable plastics

Article Title: Stereodivergent transformation of a natural polyester to enantiopure PHAs

News Publication Date: 2-Jul-2025

Web References:

• Nature Article DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09220-7
• Eugene Chen profile at Colorado State University
• BOTTLE Consortium

Image Credits: Colorado State University College of Natural Sciences

Keywords

Biodegradable plastics, stereochemistry, polyhydroxyalkanoates, P3HB, enantiomers, recyclable polymers, catalytic transformation, circular economy, sustainable materials, green chemistry, polymer synthesis, chiral molecules

Thermoelectric devices, which convert temperature gradients directly into electrical energy, have attracted widespread interest for their potential applications in powering wearable sensors, medical implants, and soft robotics. Traditionally, the brittleness and planar configuration of thermoelectric materials have imposed strict constraints on their integration into flexible platforms. Attempts to embed these materials into stretchable substrates typically result in compromised performance due to mechanical fractures and degraded conductivity. The team’s novel microfluidic strategy deftly circumvents these obstacles by engineering intricate 3D architectures that reconcile flexibility, stretchability, and thermoelectric functionality in a single, cohesive system.

At the heart of this breakthrough lies the ingenious exploitation of microfluidic channels—minuscule conduits capable of precisely directing and confining liquid phases within elastomeric matrices. The researchers utilized these microfluidic pathways to deposit thermoelectric materials in predefined, three-dimensional configurations that inherently accommodate volumetric strain. By embedding the thermoelectric elements within elastomers such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), the resultant composites exhibit exceptional mechanical resilience, supporting stretching, twisting, and bending while preserving their core electrical and thermal transport properties.

The fabrication methodology employs advanced soft lithography paired with layer-by-layer assembly techniques, enabling meticulous control over channel geometry and material deposition. Such microfabrication tactics, borrowed and refined from the microelectronics and biomedical device fields, are instrumental in realizing the complex 3D layout envisioned by the authors. By strategically orienting thermoelectric legs in vertical arrays connected via compliant interconnects, they dramatically enhance the device’s three-dimensional flexibility without compromising pathway integrity or performance stability.

Thermoelectric performance, quantified by metrics such as the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity, traditionally degrades when materials are subjected to mechanical rigor. Remarkably, the microfluidic-enabled 3D architecture not only preserves but in some configurations enhances these properties due to optimized heat flow management and intrinsic strain adaptation. The coupling of microfluidic design with material science insights leads to unconventional geometries that exploit the interplay of thermal gradients and elastic deformation to maintain high energy conversion efficiency under stretch.

Beyond mechanical resilience, thermal management emerges as a critical advantage afforded by the microfluidic channels themselves. The liquid media used within these pathways can facilitate heat redistribution, effectively modulating thermal paths and mitigating hotspots that ordinarily induce performance bottlenecks. This active thermal control presents a unique lever for optimizing thermoelectric efficiency in wearable settings, where ambient temperature fluctuations and human motion regularly distort device operating conditions.

The authors further demonstrate the dynamic applicability of their invention through an array of functional prototypes. Devices integrated onto curved human skin segments undergo repeated stretch cycles beyond 50% strain, showcasing consistent voltage generation without signs of material fatigue or electrical failure. Such findings directly attest to the viability of these thermoelectric modules in diverse real-world applications where flexibility and resilience are paramount.

In exploring material choices, the research probes beyond conventional bismuth telluride and other brittle compounds prevalent in thermoelectrics. Innovative formulations featuring conductive polymers, nanocomposites, and hybrid organic-inorganic blends are investigated for compatibility with the microfluidic patterning processes. These materials offer tunable mechanical compliance alongside favorable thermoelectric parameters, synergizing with the 3D architecture to elevate overall device performance.

Underlying the achievements is a multidisciplinary confluence of microfluidics, polymer chemistry, thermodynamics, and electronic engineering. The design principles elucidated in this study underscore the profound potential unlocked when traditionally disparate scientific domains intersect. By tailoring microscale geometries and exploiting fluid dynamics within elastomeric hosts, the researchers chart a pathway toward stretchable electronics that dynamically integrate sensing, actuation, and energy harvesting functions.

Scaling implications are equally promising. The microfluidic fabrication approach can be adapted to roll-to-roll processing and other high-throughput manufacturing schemes, signaling a pathway for commercial viability. Unlike brittle semiconductor wafers, these stretchable thermoelectric devices invite integration onto textiles, wearable patches, or even bioresorbable implants, broadening the landscape of autonomous electronics powered harnessing human body heat or environmental gradients.

From an ecological standpoint, enhancing thermoelectric harvesting from low-grade thermal sources, such as body heat lost during metabolism, touches upon sustainability goals. Wearable devices enhanced by this technology could reduce dependence on bulky batteries and frequent charging cycles, promoting longer-lasting, maintenance-free electronics that mesh effortlessly with daily life. The non-invasive energy scavenge approach also aligns with emerging trends in personalized healthcare and real-time monitoring.

Technically, the research addresses several key challenges inherent to stretchable electronics: achieving reliable electrical contacts amidst strain, balancing mechanical deformation with thermal conductivity, and circumventing delamination or structural failure from cyclic use. Through clever microfluidic channel designs that permit fluidic encapsulation and mechanical decoupling, these issues are elegantly mitigated. The seamless interoperability between rigid thermoelectric semiconductors and soft elastomers is a hallmark outcome of their methodology.

Of particular note is the dynamic modulation capability observed when varying microfluidic channel parameters such as diameter, length, and filling medium. Devices exhibited tunable mechanical properties and thermal responses by virtue of fluid movement and channel deformation under stress conditions, opening avenues for responsive systems that adapt performance in real-time. Such adaptability is a common motif in biological systems and marks a transformative step toward biomimetic wearable electronics.

The research team concludes by envisioning a new generation of flexible thermoelectrics that do not merely survive mechanical perturbations but thrive because of them—leveraging strain-induced modifications to optimize functional output. This paradigm shift challenges conventional design dogmas and inspires future innovations where comfort, form factor, and sustainability coalesce without compromise.

As this research gains traction, interest is expected to surge in portable, self-powered electronic devices that users can wear as comfortably as clothing yet whose energy sourcing is as reliable as traditional rigid batteries. The melding of microfluidics with thermoelectric science presents a fertile terrain for intellectual exploration and commercial exploitation, foretelling a vibrant revolution in how we think about and deploy flexible energy systems.

In summary, the seminal work by Huang et al. sets a robust foundation for realizing stretchable thermoelectric devices that marry advanced fabrication technologies with cutting-edge materials science. Its implications resound across fields ranging from soft robotics to personal healthcare monitoring, signaling a compelling stride toward truly flexible, multifunctional electronics optimized for the dynamic human environment.

Subject of Research: Development of microfluidic-enabled three-dimensional stretchable thermoelectric devices for flexible and wearable electronics.

Article Title: Microfluidic-enabled three-dimensional stretchable thermoelectrics.

Article References:
Huang, Z., Chen, T., Jiang, Y. et al. Microfluidic-enabled three-dimensional stretchable thermoelectrics. npj Flex Electron 9, 52 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00429-0

Image Credits: AI Generated

The implications of this achievement are extensive, considering the increasing global demand for efficient energy production methods. In 2020, SwRI secured a significant contract worth $6.4 million from the U.S. Department of Energy. The project outlined the specifics for the design and development of an oxy-fuel turbine powered by sCO2, which could revolutionize the power generation industry by improving efficiency and reducing carbon emissions. The initiative is being spearheaded by experienced professionals, including Senior Research Engineer Michael Marshall and Institute Engineer Dr. Jeff Moore, both of whom play vital roles in the materials engineering aspect of this ambitious project.

During the testing phase, SwRI sought to explore and evaluate turbine materials that would be exposed to sCO2 at extreme conditions. Dr. Florent Bocher, who notably supervised the materials engineering work for this groundbreaking project, elaborated on the methodology employed to assess the performance of different materials and coatings. The material performance was carefully analyzed under constant high-temperature and high-pressure conditions, which are critical for ensuring the safety and efficiency of future turbine operations.

Historically, the highest reported pressure and temperature conditions achieved in sCO2 research were limited to 800 degrees Celsius at 300 bar. This information sparked SwRI’s determination to surpass this benchmark, and they succeeded in exceeding it by a remarkable margin of 350 degrees. With the development of the sCO2 components that can withstand operational temperatures of up to 1,150 degrees Celsius, SwRI stands at the forefront of engineering advancements that push the performance limits of turbine technology.

However, achieving these staggering temperature conditions was not without its challenges. As temperatures rise, the mechanical properties of testing vessel materials significantly deteriorate, posing severe operational risks. It is virtually impossible to employ conventional experimental setups for high-pressure and high-temperature conditions that incorporate external heating. Consequently, this highlighted the need for innovative solutions to facilitate such extreme testing environments.

To navigate these technical challenges, SwRI engineers successfully modified a traditional autoclave designed for high-pressure, high-temperature applications. This modified autoclave featured an induction coil installed within it, while the external structure was actively cooled to maintain the safety and integrity of the experimental setup. Such innovative engineering ensures that while the internal environment reaches extreme temperatures, the outer vessel can safely contain the necessary pressure without risk of failure.

This novel design not only allows SwRI to accomplish temperatures of up to 1,150 degrees Celsius at 300 bar but also significantly boosts their capabilities to conduct materials tests under extreme conditions. The implications of this advancement extend far beyond the scope of turbine development; it opens doors to testing other essential materials that have applications across various extreme environments, including molten salt energy production, hypersonics research, and additional material testing for projects like the Supercritical Transformational Electric Power (STEP) Demo pilot plant.

The STEP Demo project represents an ambitious undertaking, with a projected budget of $170 million for a 10-megawatt demonstration facility focusing on the capabilities and advantages of supercritical CO2 systems. It is envisioned that technologies developed through this project will lead to innovative solutions for cleaner energy generation, contributing to the global transition toward more sustainable energy systems.

In remarks on the significance of this achievement, Dr. Bocher emphasized the major milestone accomplished by SwRI in reaching these extreme testing conditions. He noted that this advancement not only strengthens the institute’s engineering capabilities but also plays a crucial role in the future of research areas that depend on rigorous testing conditions. The success of this project will undoubtedly inspire further research initiatives aimed at enhancing and expanding the use of sCO2 in energy applications.

The completion of these tests adds another layer of reliability and efficiency to turbine technology using supercritical CO2, ultimately leading to increased performance and lower emissions in power generation systems. This research highlights the importance of innovative material testing at the highest levels of temperature and pressure, creating pathways for future advancements in energy technologies.

SwRI is now poised to become a central player in translating these groundbreaking discoveries into real-world applications, contributing to the overarching objective of creating sustainable energy solutions that could power the next generation. By aligning advanced engineering practices with cutting-edge materials science, Southwest Research Institute is ensuring that the future of energy remains both innovative and environmentally responsible.

With this monumental achievement, SwRI exemplifies how scientific inquiry, innovation, and engineering excellence can intersect to drive societal progress toward more sustainable energy solutions. The results garnered from harnessing supercritical CO2 at unprecedented conditions have significant implications for the global energy landscape, ultimately influencing how power is generated and consumed worldwide.

Southwest Research Institute’s success in achieving these extreme testing conditions charts a new course for the energy sector, welcoming a new era of efficiency and eco-friendliness. The institute is excited to leverage its capabilities for not only enhancing turbine technology but also paving the way for future groundbreaking innovations across various scientific and engineering disciplines.

As awareness of climate change and the need for sustainable power generation grows, research milestones like this one are essential for fulfilling future energy needs without compromising environmental integrity. This achievement signifies a pivotal turning point in energy engineering, with the potential to transform how the world conceives and utilizes energy resources moving forward.

Subject of Research: Advanced materials testing in high-pressure supercritical carbon dioxide environments
Article Title: Southwest Research Institute Sets New Standards in Supercritical CO2 Testing
News Publication Date: May 20, 2025
Web References: https://www.swri.org/markets/chemistry-materials/materials
References: N/A
Image Credits: Southwest Research Institute

The essence of this innovation lies in overcoming the limitations imposed by thickness in foldable panels. Historically, origami-inspired designs have been constrained primarily to thin, flexible sheets, which limited practical usage in engineered structures where material thickness and robustness are indispensable. The introduction of thick-panel systems capable of flat-folding using a single degree of freedom represents a monumental shift. It not only enhances mechanical reliability but also enables a new horizon of modularity and complexity in three-dimensional structures.

Flat-foldability traditionally demands that a structure can be completely compressed into a two-dimensional form without damaging the material or losing structural integrity. Achieving this with thick panels has long posed a formidable challenge because thickness introduces geometric and mechanical constraints that conflict with folding mechanisms. The authors deftly circumvent these challenges by integrating kirigami principles—strategic cutting patterns complementing folding motions—to relieve stress concentrations and enable smooth transitions between folded and unfolded states.

This marriage of origami’s folding artistry with kirigami’s cutting strategies provides the framework for one-degree-of-freedom actuation, a highly desirable feature that simplifies mechanical control. Essentially, this means the entire complex folding and deployment process can be governed by a single input motion—such as a hinge rotation or linear actuator. This simplicity paves the way for practical applications where automated or remote folding is necessary, particularly in aerospace, deployable shelters, and soft robotics where compact stowage and reliable deployment are critical.

One of the study’s striking highlights is the successful creation of modular arrays composed of these thick-panel units. Modular arrays open vast potential in scalable engineered systems; they allow for repeated assembly of identical units to achieve large-area structures with predictable mechanical properties. This modularity, combined with flat-foldability, means large-scale deployable architectures can be compressed for transport and rapidly expanded on-site, a characteristic invaluable for disaster relief, temporary constructions, or space habitats.

Furthermore, the research delves deeply into the geometric foundations enabling such foldable thick-panel structures. Utilizing rigorous mathematical modeling and kinematic analyses, the authors elucidate the precise conditions under which these panels can fold flat without interference. This theoretical framework extends classical origami mathematics into three-dimensional panel thickness realms and accounts for material deformation, hinge design, and cutting pattern layouts—an interdisciplinary synthesis involving computational geometry, mechanical engineering, and materials science.

Closed polyhedra constructed from these thick-panel origami-kirigami units demonstrate not only aesthetic elegance but also structural strength and dynamic reconfigurability. Closed polyhedra are airtight, three-dimensional shapes that can encapsulate volume, making them prospective candidates for containers, adaptive enclosures, or robotics chassis. The paper showcases how these closed forms maintain their mechanical integrity through the folding cycles, a vital factor for reusable engineering components subjected to repeated deformation.

The practical implications of this research ripple across numerous industries. For instance, in aerospace engineering, where payload volume and weight constraints are stringent, deployable thick-panel origami structures can allow satellite components or solar arrays to be compactly stowed during launch and then reliably deployed in orbit. Similarly, in civil engineering, modular flat-foldable thick panels could revolutionize temporary or mobile infrastructure, providing rapid-deploy shelters or barriers that are sturdy yet lightweight and easy to transport.

A key aspect of the work involves materials selection and hinge mechanics. Thick panels inherently resist bending, making conventional crease patterns impractical. The authors address this by engineering discrete hinges—composite joints that allow rotation while bearing loads—and integrating these into the panel design with precision. This hybrid approach leverages modern manufacturing techniques such as laser cutting and additive manufacturing, underscoring the research’s relevance at the convergence of design theory and fabrication technology.

Moreover, the study’s findings open horizons in the field of soft robotics, where flexibility, adaptability, and compactness are prized. With controlled folding enabled by one-degree-of-freedom actuation, robotic structures inspired by these origami-kirigami principles can transform shape, navigate constrained spaces, or alter stiffness dynamically. This adaptability has profound implications for medical devices, search and rescue robots, or any system requiring versatile mechanical morphology.

The authors also explore the scalability of their designs, providing insight into how the folding mechanisms and structural behaviors persist or evolve when the panel size or the array dimensions change. Such scalability analysis is crucial when transitioning prototypes to real-world applications, ensuring that mechanical advantages are preserved from small to large constructs, and that manufacturing tolerances can be managed effectively.

In addition, the research introduces novel computational tools and simulation methods crafted to model thick-panel origami-kirigami folding pathways accurately. These tools enable designers to visualize folding sequences, assess mechanical stresses, and optimize hinge placement and cut patterns before physical prototyping, saving costs and accelerating innovation cycles. The integration of simulation and experimental validation embodies a comprehensive methodology that sets a new standard in the development of foldable engineered systems.

Ethical and environmental considerations also emerge indirectly from this advancement. Deployable modular arrays designed with durable thick materials can reduce the waste and energy consumption associated with temporary constructions. Their reusability and ease of transport confer sustainability advantages, aligning with global efforts to minimize the environmental impact of human-made structures. This research, therefore, resonates beyond engineering, contributing to responsible design practices.

Overall, the combination of theoretical innovation, experimental demonstration, and practical foresight marks this study as a seminal contribution to the field of foldable structures. The clarity in uniting thick-panel mechanics with one-degree-of-freedom motion, alongside the successful realization of functional modular arrays and closed polyhedra, not only advances academic understanding but also lays groundwork for future technologies. This work exemplifies how age-old arts like origami and kirigami can be reimagined through modern science to solve contemporary engineering challenges.

Looking ahead, the potential to integrate smart materials, such as shape-memory alloys or responsive polymers, with these thick-panel origami-kirigami systems offers tantalizing prospects. Active materials could imbue these structures with autonomous folding and unfolding capabilities, triggered by environmental stimuli or programmed control sequences. Such advancements would transcend mechanical simplicity, delivering intelligent reconfigurable systems adaptable to a variety of dynamic environments.

In sum, this pioneering research embodies a fusion of art, science, and engineering, heralding a new era where foldable thick-panel origami-kirigami architectures offer transformative solutions across myriad fields. Its implications resonate from the micro-scale of robotic components to the macro-scale of deployable buildings and spacecraft, inviting a reexamination of how we design, build, and interact with the physical world.

Subject of Research: One-degree-of-freedom flat-foldable thick-panel origami-kirigami structures, focusing on modular arrays and closed polyhedra.

Article Title: One-degree-of-freedom flat-foldable thick-panel origami-kirigami structures: modular arrays and closed polyhedra.

Article References:
Zhao, C., Cui, E., Zou, S. et al. One-degree-of-freedom flat-foldable thick-panel origami-kirigami structures: modular arrays and closed polyhedra. Commun Eng 4, 62 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44172-025-00397-3

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