The kidneys, vital for maintaining systemic homeostasis through waste elimination and fluid balance, are particularly susceptible to developmental challenges in preterm infants. When birth occurs before 34 weeks, nephrogenesis—the development of nephrons, the kidney’s functional units—is incomplete. This incomplete maturation predisposes these infants to an increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) during their NICU stay and potentially chronic kidney disease (CKD) later in life. Consequently, understanding and optimizing kidney care during the transition out of NICU and in subsequent outpatient management have become critical areas of focus.

Slagle and colleagues began their investigation by analyzing the current practices surrounding kidney evaluation at discharge from NICUs across multiple institutions. Their findings indicated a lack of standardized protocols to assess renal function in preterm infants before discharge. The researchers emphasize that this gap could lead to missed early signs of renal impairment, thereby delaying necessary interventions that could dramatically alter health trajectories for these vulnerable neonates. Through multi-center data collection, the investigators highlighted a significant variability in renal function monitoring, underscoring an urgent need for systematic approaches.

A key technical aspect addressed in their study revolves around biomarkers for kidney injury and function. Traditional metrics such as serum creatinine levels are often unreliable in neonates because they reflect maternal kidney function during the first days of life and are influenced by muscle mass, which is notably low in preterm infants. To circumvent these limitations, the study advocates for integrating novel biomarkers like cystatin C, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) alongside advanced imaging techniques including renal ultrasonography. These methods collectively offer a more accurate picture of renal health, detecting subtle injuries and developmental anomalies at an early stage.

The authors also shine light on the impact of nephrotoxic medications commonly employed in NICU settings, such as aminoglycosides and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These compounds, while life-saving, might impose nephrotoxic stress and exacerbate the risk of long-term kidney damage. Slagle et al. propose the implementation of nephrotoxic exposure checklists and dosage monitoring integrated into electronic medical records to ensure vigilant stewardship of these powerful agents. They postulate that early identification and mitigation of nephrotoxic insults during NICU stay can play a pivotal role in preserving renal function post-discharge.

Importantly, the study lays out detailed guidelines for follow-up care, recognizing that the transition from hospital to home is not an endpoint but rather the beginning of a new phase in the infant’s medical journey. The investigators recommend a multidisciplinary approach integrating neonatologists, nephrologists, nutritionists, and primary care providers to collaborate in creating individualized care plans. Regular outpatient follow-ups should include serial evaluations of renal growth and function, blood pressure monitoring, and assessment of growth parameters to swiftly identify complications such as hypertension or progressive kidney impairment, which are often silent until advanced stages.

Nutrition emerges as a critical pillar in the post-discharge care strategy outlined by Slagle et al. Preterm infants frequently encounter challenges in achieving optimal growth, and inadequate nutrition can exacerbate kidney vulnerability. The authors stress the importance of tailored nutritional interventions aimed at supporting catch-up growth without imposing additional renal load. Optimizing protein intake, fluid balance, and electrolyte management are among recommended strategies to foster renal recovery and overall health stability beyond the NICU.

To further refine follow-up protocols, the study advocates for longitudinal cohort studies to track kidney outcomes into childhood and adulthood. Since preterm infants are predisposed to chronic diseases that manifest much later in life, such as hypertension and CKD, understanding long-term trajectories is crucial. This longitudinal perspective is essential to inform preventive measures, guide health policy, and ultimately improve life expectancy and quality of life for this at-risk population.

Technological advancements also feature prominently in the recommendations. Slagle et al. propose the integration of telemedicine and digital health platforms in routinely monitoring preterm infants’ kidney status. Such technologies can facilitate frequent home-based assessments without burdening families with frequent hospital visits. Data collected through remote platforms can trigger timely interventions while empowering caregivers with education and support, thereby enhancing adherence to complex follow-up regimens.

The study also acknowledges socio-economic factors influencing follow-up care. Families of preterm infants often face substantial stress and resource limitations that can impede adherence to recommended post-discharge evaluations. Tailored support services, including social work involvement and care coordination programs, are highlighted as critical to overcoming these barriers. Addressing health disparities is paramount to ensuring equitable outcomes across diverse populations.

Through a rigorous synthesis of clinical evidence and expert consensus, Slagle et al. offer a paradigm shift in how neonatal kidney health is conceptualized within the continuum of care. They advocate moving beyond merely surviving the NICU to thriving in the developmental phases that follow. In doing so, the study underscores the imperative to transform knowledge into practical, consistent, and evidence-based kidney care protocols that can be adopted globally.

The impact of this research extends beyond the neonatal period. By focusing attention on early kidney health optimization, the medical community can significantly influence reducing the incidence of adult-onset kidney diseases that may have roots in early life. Emphasizing early detection, prevention, and personalized interventions lays the groundwork for life-long renal resilience.

In conclusion, the 2026 study by Slagle and colleagues represents a substantial advancement in neonatal medicine’s understanding of kidney care for preterm infants. It crafts a comprehensive framework for practitioners to evaluate, manage, and follow up with these patients beyond the NICU, supported by cutting-edge biomarkers, collaborative care models, and innovative technology. This work not only promises improved clinical outcomes but also signals a transformative direction in pediatric nephrology that prioritizes prevention and individualization from the very first moments of life.

As healthcare systems worldwide grapple with rising preterm birth rates and associated morbidities, these evidence-based recommendations arrive at a critical juncture. By illuminating the path to optimized renal health in the most vulnerable infants, this research holds the potential to revolutionize neonatal discharge processes and follow-up care protocols, ultimately shaping a healthier future for countless children born prematurely.

Subject of Research: Kidney care at NICU discharge and follow-up recommendations for preterm infants born before 34 weeks of gestation.

Article Title: Kidney care at NICU discharge and follow-up recommendations for preterm infants <34 weeks.

Article References: Slagle, C.L., Chmielewski, J.L., Rumpel, J.A. et al. Kidney care at NICU discharge and follow-up recommendations for preterm infants <34 weeks. J Perinatol (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-026-02597-x

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 26 February 2026

Acute kidney injury in neonates has emerged as a significant concern in pediatric healthcare, particularly among those born prematurely or with low birth weight. The kidneys of neonates are still developing, which renders them particularly susceptible to injury from various sources, including medications. The research team, led by Ilomo et al., meticulously collected data from numerous patients admitted to the NICU, revealing a startling prevalence of AKI in the cohort. These findings serve as a clarion call for healthcare practitioners to exercise increased caution when prescribing medications to this delicate demographic.

The study elucidated the various factors contributing to the onset of acute kidney injury in the studied neonates. Prematurity and low birth weight are established risk factors, but the research indicated that nephrotoxic drug exposure presented an additional layer of risk. The combination of these factors could significantly exacerbate the likelihood of kidney injuries, leading to long-term health complications for affected infants. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing effective prevention strategies and ensuring better health outcomes for vulnerable newborns.

Nephrotoxic drugs, commonly used in NICUs for various medical interventions, become a double-edged sword when treating this delicate patient population. While they may be necessary for therapeutic purposes, their administration needs to be carefully monitored due to the potential for renal damage. The study examined specific classes of nephrotoxic medications routinely used in the NICU, providing critical insight into their implications for kidney health. This investigation emphasizes the necessity for ongoing research aimed at identifying safer alternatives to these medications or implementing strict monitoring protocols.

An interesting aspect of the study was its recognition of the broader implications of acute kidney injury beyond immediate health consequences. For many neonates, developing AKI can lead to chronic kidney disease later in life, compounding the challenges they may face as they grow. The long-term ramifications emphasize the urgency of mitigating risks associated with nephrotoxic drug therapy in neonatal care settings. The research team called for increased awareness among clinicians about the potential long-term outcomes of AKI, urging them to consider the consequences of their treatment decisions today on the lives of these newborns in the future.

Furthermore, the findings call for a shift in clinical practices to prioritize the development of protocols aimed at minimizing nephrotoxic drug exposure in neonates. Implementation of such measures may involve careful reevaluation of medication protocols, enhanced training for healthcare providers, and robust monitoring systems to keep tabs on renal function. By improving these practices, healthcare professionals can offer safer and more effective care that prioritizes the health of premature and low birth weight infants in neonates’ critical first days of life.

The implications of this research extend beyond the immediate hospital setting; they resonate with global health initiatives aimed at improving neonatal care linked to the urgent challenges posed by rising rates of premature births worldwide. The findings of Ilomo et al. serve as a testament to the need for increased focus on neonatal kidney health and the safe use of medications in such a fragile cohort. As neonatal departments across the globe review their protocols in light of these findings, it is hoped that they will foster a more profound understanding of nephrotoxic drugs and their implications for the kidneys of premature and low birth weight infants.

Public health campaigns could harness this research to advocate for the implementation of more stringent regulations on nephrotoxic drug usage in NICUs. By raising awareness among stakeholders, such as policymakers and healthcare administrators, there exists a potential pathway to enhanced safety standards for drug administration. As the healthcare landscape evolves, it will undoubtedly require an adaptive approach to ensure that vulnerable populations receive care that is not only necessary but also safe.

Additionally, engaging parental involvement in the conversations about neonatal care is essential. Involving parents in discussions about potential risks and treatment options fosters a partnership that can be beneficial for the child’s health outcomes. Parents deserve to be educated about the therapies being implemented and the potential risks, equipping them to make informed decisions alongside healthcare providers. Educating families could also lead to increased vigilance regarding their child’s responses to medications, thereby enabling early identification of adverse effects.

Moreover, ongoing efforts to increase the financial and logistical support for neonatal care facilities, especially in low-resource settings like Dar es Salaam, are crucial to the success of addressing these challenges documented in Ilomo et al.’s study. The hard truths unveiled in the research outline a clear need for better facilities, trained healthcare providers, and adequate equipment to manage and monitor the health of vulnerable neonates effectively. This could make a significant difference in reducing the adverse effects of nephrotoxic drugs and preventing acute kidney injury in infants worldwide.

Looking ahead, continued research is paramount. Scientific inquiry into identifying biomarkers for early detection of renal impairment in neonates could be instrumental. Early identification can lead to swift intervention, drastically improving outcomes for infants at high risk of AKI. Research focusing on alternative therapeutics that maintain efficacy while reducing nephrotoxic effects should also be prioritized, creating the groundwork for future generations of safer medical practices.

In conclusion, the work conducted by Ilomo et al. is a vital contribution to the understanding of acute kidney injury and nephrotoxic drug exposure in premature and low birth weight neonates. Their findings underscore the urgent need for systemic changes in medical practice and further inquiry into this critical area of pediatric care. Awareness and action are imperative to ensure that the healthcare needs of this vulnerable population are met responsibly and effectively, protecting the delicate balance between necessary intervention and potential harm.

Subject of Research: Acute kidney injury and nephrotoxic drug exposure in neonates

Article Title: Prevalence of acute kidney injury and nephrotoxic drug exposure in premature and low birth weight neonates admitted to intensive care units at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam.

Article References:

Ilomo, H.B., Mnkugwe, R.H., Kambona, R.C. et al. Prevalence of acute kidney injury and nephrotoxic drug exposure in premature and low birth weight neonates admitted to intensive care units at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam.
BMC Pediatr (2026). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-025-05988-9

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1186/s12887-025-05988-9

Keywords: acute kidney injury, nephrotoxic drugs, neonates, premature infants, low birth weight, intensive care units, Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, pediatrics, healthcare practices.

Acute kidney injury, a sudden decline in kidney function, is a frequent but often under-recognized problem in critically ill neonates, particularly those born at the threshold of viability. The kidneys, vital for regulating fluid and electrolyte balance, also have substantial roles in inflammatory modulation and immune regulation. When these fragile organs falter, does this set the stage for vulnerabilities extending beyond renal function? The research conducted by Turner et al. delves decisively into this question by tracking ELGANs who experienced AKI and monitoring their subsequent risk of LOI, infections that occur after the first week of life.

Late-onset infections represent one of the most devastating complications in premature infants, often leading to increased morbidity, prolonged hospital stays, and in many cases, mortality. Despite improvements in neonatal intensive care practices, LOIs remain pervasive, undermining the survival and developmental prospects of these tiny patients. Turner and colleagues sought to identify early predictive markers that could flag infants at heightened risk for these severe infections, focusing on the role of kidney injury as a potential contributor.

The study followed an extensive cohort of ELGANs across multiple centers, meticulously characterizing episodes of AKI during the first 14 days of life. Using stringent criteria for AKI diagnosis adapted for neonates, the researchers pinpointed those infants who experienced any degree of kidney injury. Subsequently, the infants were monitored for occurrences of culture-confirmed late-onset infections, providing robust data on timing, severity, and outcomes of these infectious episodes.

What emerged from this detailed investigation was a compelling association: infants who suffered AKI had a markedly increased risk of developing late-onset infections compared to their counterparts without kidney injury. This association held firm even after controlling for variables such as gestational age, birth weight, severity of illness, and exposure to invasive procedures, underscoring the independent predictive value of AKI on subsequent infection risk.

The biological underpinnings of this link between AKI and LOI, while not fully elucidated, are likely multifactorial. AKI can prompt systemic inflammatory responses that disrupt immune homeostasis, potentially impairing the neonate’s ability to mount effective defenses against pathogens. Moreover, kidney dysfunction may influence the clearance of inflammatory mediators and immune complexes, perpetuating a milieu that favors microbial invasion and sepsis. This nexus of renal impairment and immune dysregulation offers novel insights into the pathophysiology underlying increased infection susceptibility.

Beyond illuminating this critical relationship, the study also examined temporal patterns, noting that the earlier the onset of AKI, the higher the risk for subsequent infections. This temporal dimension highlights a critical window for intensified surveillance and potential early interventions in infants who experience kidney injury soon after birth. By identifying these neonates early, clinicians might tailor strategies to mitigate infection risk, such as optimizing antimicrobial stewardship, bolstering immunologic support, or minimizing unnecessary invasive exposures.

In addition to demonstrating the association between AKI and LOI risk, Turner et al. dissected clinical characteristics differentiating infants with and without kidney injury. They documented differences in hemodynamic instability, fluid balance, and the need for mechanical ventilation, emphasizing that AKI is often intertwined with a constellation of high-risk clinical parameters. Their detailed dataset enriches the understanding of how systemic physiology interacts to influence outcomes in ELGANs.

The implications of this study reverberate far beyond the NICU walls. Recognizing AKI as a modifiable risk factor for late-onset infections opens new avenues for research into preventive and therapeutic approaches. Interventions targeting earlier detection of kidney injury, renal protective strategies, and modulation of immune responses may collectively shift the trajectory for these most vulnerable of patients, potentially reducing the burden of severe infections that exacerbate morbidity and mortality.

Technologically, this research exemplifies the power of multicenter collaboration and precise neonatal phenotyping in decoding complex clinical associations. The use of standardized AKI definitions for neonates and the rigorous confirmation of infections provide a methodological blueprint for future studies aiming to unravel the multifaceted challenges in ELGAN care. This elevates the study from a mere clinical observation to a cornerstone for constructing targeted pathways in neonatal medicine.

Furthermore, the study prompts a reevaluation of current neonatal care paradigms — encouraging clinicians and researchers alike to integrate kidney function more centrally into risk assessment algorithms. Rather than treating AKI as a transient complication, it must be weighed as a harbinger of downstream immunologic vulnerabilities, mandating vigilance and comprehensive management plans.

The public health ramifications are profound. Extremely preterm infants account for a disproportionate share of neonatal intensive care admissions worldwide, and infection-related complications remain a leading cause of death and long-term disability among this group. By linking kidney injury to infectious susceptibility, this research shines a spotlight on an underappreciated determinant of neonatal outcomes and reinforces the need for systemic improvements in early detection and multidisciplinary care pathways.

Looking forward, the study’s findings lay fertile groundwork for the development of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The integration of kidney biomarkers with infection risk profiling may enable precision medicine approaches tailored to the unique vulnerability of ELGANs. Such strategies could revolutionize neonatal care by transitioning from reactive treatment of infections to proactive risk mitigation informed by kidney health trajectories.

In summary, the investigation conducted by Turner et al. offers a transformative perspective on the interplay between renal health and infection susceptibility in the most fragile neonates. Their findings advocate for a holistic neonatal care model that acknowledges the ripple effects of acute kidney injury, transforming it from a solitary complication into a key predictor of subsequent infectious challenges.

As the neonatal community digests these insights, the urgent quest is to translate them into concrete clinical protocols that improve survival and quality of life for ELGANs. Through enhanced interdisciplinary collaboration, innovative research, and compassionate clinical practice, the hope is to rewrite the narrative for these infants, turning vulnerabilities into survivable challenges.

In an era where neonatal outcomes hinge on nuanced understanding and swift intervention, studies such as this underscore the vital importance of integrated organ system monitoring. Acute kidney injury emerges not only as a marker of renal distress but as a gateway event signaling broader systemic risk, demanding heightened awareness and action.

The research adds a compelling chapter to the evolving story in perinatal medicine — one that intertwines nephrology, neonatology, immunology, and infectious disease in a shared mission to safeguard those born on the very edge of viability. The message is clear: in neonatology, no organ exists in isolation, and neither do its complications.

By elucidating the hidden links between early kidney injury and subsequent infection risk, this study charts a course toward improved prognostication, targeted care advancement, and ultimately, better outcomes for ELGANs worldwide. It is a clarion call for neonatal health professionals to recognize and address the silent yet significant impact of renal events on the fragile neonate’s future.

Subject of Research: Acute kidney injury’s association with late-onset infection risk in extremely low gestational age newborns.

Article Title: Acute kidney injury and subsequent risk of late-onset infection among extremely low gestational age newborns

Article References:
Turner, M.J., Griffin, R., Schuh, M. et al. Acute kidney injury and subsequent risk of late-onset infection among extremely low gestational age newborns. J Perinatol (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-025-02410-1

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-025-02410-1

The study, conducted by Young, Shabanova, Greenberg, and colleagues and published in the Journal of Perinatology in early 2025, represents one of the first comprehensive investigations into the renal implications of fortified human milk administration. Their meticulous research underscores a critical need for neonatal clinicians to balance the undeniable growth advantages conferred by HMFs with the emerging data suggesting a correlation between fortifier introduction and neonatal AKI incidence. This revelation could recalibrate current nutritional protocols and prompt the design of safer fortification strategies tailored to renal-limited neonates.

Human milk fortifiers are complex formulations that typically enrich breast milk with additional proteins, calcium, phosphorus, and calories. These nutrients are vital to support the accelerated developmental requirements of preterm infants, who often fail to thrive when fed unfortified breast milk alone. However, the enhanced solute load and osmolarity inherent in fortified feeds pose potential physiological challenges to immature renal systems. Neonatal kidneys, particularly those of premature infants, are inherently susceptible to injury due to ongoing nephrogenesis and limited functional reserves. The study rigorously investigates how these sensitive organs respond to increased metabolic and osmotic stress induced by fortified milk regimens.

The researchers enrolled a cohort of high-risk neonates receiving human milk fortification within neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and implemented a detailed monitoring protocol involving serial serum creatinine measurements, urine output assessments, and renal ultrasonography. Utilizing modern biomarkers and neonatal-specific criteria for AKI diagnosis, the team demonstrated a statistically significant increase in AKI episodes following the initiation of fortified feeding, compared to baseline measurements taken prior to fortifier exposure. Importantly, this acute kidney insult was asymptomatic in many cases and might have gone undetected without vigilant laboratory surveillance, emphasizing the subtlety of this adverse effect.

Pathophysiologically, the elevated solute concentration from fortifiers likely exerts increased tubular workload and osmotic stress on immature nephrons. This exacerbated renal metabolic demand can trigger cellular injury pathways, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, all contributing to acute tubular necrosis phenomena recognized as acute kidney injury. The paper elaborates on this mechanistic model, supported by parallel animal studies and in vitro renal cell assays that corroborate the clinical observations. Such translational evidence enhances the credibility of the association and pinpoints potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

Another pivotal aspect explored by the study is the timing and composition of fortifier initiation. Neonates introduced abruptly to high-concentration fortifiers exhibited more pronounced AKI incidence than those where fortification was initiated gradually or with hypoosmolar formulations. These findings urge a reconsideration of current fortifier dosing protocols. Gradual titration, vigilant renal function monitoring, and perhaps individualized fortifier formulations based on renal maturity indices could prove critical to minimizing harm while preserving nutritional benefits.

Furthermore, the study draws attention to the potential long-term renal sequelae stemming from repeated or sustained episodes of AKI in neonates. Emerging data link early-life kidney injury with predisposition to chronic kidney disease (CKD) in later childhood and adulthood. This developmental programming of renal vulnerability underscores the importance of addressing modifiable risk factors such as nutritional interventions. The authors advocate for longitudinal follow-up studies to evaluate renal outcomes over extended timeframes, as this will elucidate the true burden of neonatal AKI related to human milk fortifier use.

Notably, the investigation also accounts for confounding variables such as prematurity degree, concomitant nephrotoxic medication use, hemodynamic instability, and existing comorbidities. By employing multivariate statistical models, the researchers isolate fortifier introduction itself as an independent risk factor for AKI, strengthening the causality argument. This nuanced analysis differentiates the renal effects of fortification from the background renal vulnerabilities frequently encountered in extremely premature and critically ill infants.

In light of these findings, neonatal nutrition guidelines may witness significant revisions, balancing the indispensable role of human milk fortifiers in growth promotion against emerging renal safety concerns. Interdisciplinary collaboration between neonatologists, nephrologists, dietitians, and pharmacologists will be paramount in devising optimized fortifier formulations and individualized feeding regimens. Moreover, advancements in biomarker technologies for early AKI detection could facilitate preemptive adjustments in nutrition plans, further safeguarding renal health without compromising growth trajectories.

The implications of this study also extend beyond clinical practice into the domain of biomedical research. Understanding the cellular and molecular underpinnings of HMF-induced renal injury opens avenues for developing pharmacological agents or nutritional additives that mitigate nephrotoxicity. Antioxidants, anti-inflammatory compounds, or protective osmolytes incorporated into fortifiers might alleviate the burden on neonatal kidneys. Future trials integrating such innovations could revolutionize neonate care by harmonizing enhanced nutrition with organ protection.

As neonatal survival rates improve globally, optimizing every aspect of postnatal care assumes paramount importance. The discovery that an otherwise beneficial nutritional intervention could inadvertently harm renal development spotlights the intricate balance required in neonatal medicine. This study serves as a clarion call to the medical community to rigorously evaluate and monitor all intervention modalities for their comprehensive impact on infant health, beyond immediate growth outcomes.

Intriguingly, the authors propose that the variability in individual responses to human milk fortification might be partly explained by genetic predispositions affecting renal resilience or metabolic processing. This hypothesis beckons further genomic and proteomic investigations to identify at-risk subpopulations and tailor interventions accordingly. Personalized neonatology, integrating precision medicine with nutritional science, lies on the horizon as the next frontier to enhance neonatal quality of life and long-term health.

Meanwhile, clinicians are encouraged to maintain a high index of suspicion for subtle signs of renal compromise when implementing human milk fortification protocols. Routine renal function assessment, including functional biomarkers and urine analysis, could assist in timely detection of AKI. Adjustments in feeding strength or alternative nutritional strategies might be warranted when renal impairment emerges, ensuring that the neonate receives optimal support without unintended harm.

In summary, the study by Young and colleagues represents a paradigm shift in understanding the delicate interplay between neonatal nutrition and renal health. It challenges previous assumptions that human milk fortification is invariably safe and highlights the need for precaution and innovation. As the field advances, harmonizing the nutritional benefits of fortification with renal protection will be essential to foster healthy development and prevent lifelong kidney disease in the most vulnerable infants.

The ongoing commitment to multidisciplinary research and evidence-based practice will undoubtedly refine neonatal nutritional protocols, safeguarding not only survival but also the quality of life for premature infants worldwide. This landmark research underscores the power of vigilant clinical observation combined with cutting-edge science to unveil hidden risks and inspire safer, more effective neonatal care strategies in the years to come.

Subject of Research: Introduction of human milk fortifier and its association with the development of neonatal acute kidney injury

Article Title: Introduction of human milk fortifier and the development of neonatal acute kidney injury

Article References:
Young, C., Shabanova, V., Greenberg, J. et al. Introduction of human milk fortifier and the development of neonatal acute kidney injury. J Perinatol (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-025-02326-w

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-025-02326-w