IMAGE: Debashis Sahoo, PhD
Credit: UC San Diego
Using a new computer science approach, researchers at University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, Columbia University and Stanford University discovered a distinctive molecular feature — a biomarker — that identified colon cancer patients who were most likely to remain disease-free up to five years after surgery. The biomarker, a protein called CDX2, also helped the researchers identify Stage II colon cancer patients who are most likely to benefit from chemotherapy after surgery.
The retrospective study is published Jan. 21, 2016 by the New England Journal of Medicine.
"Because previous studies did not take into account differences between colon cancers with and without CDX2, doctors have long struggled to identify which Stage II colon cancer patients might benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy," said first author Debashis Sahoo, PhD, assistant professor of pediatrics, and computer science and engineering at UC San Diego. "But what we've now found is that some of these patients might benefit from chemotherapy, and we now have a biomarker to tell the difference, potentially saving many lives and reducing toxicity from unnecessary treatment."
Sahoo led the study alongside co-first author Piero Dalerba, MD, of Columbia University, and senior author Michael Clarke, MD, of Stanford University.
This study took advantage of a novel bioinformatics approach Sahoo developed to identify differences in gene expression patterns. Sahoo had earlier pioneered this method to find genes involved in stem cell differentiation — the process by which stem cells specialize into specific cell types in an organ, such as the colon.
"Dr. Sahoo's bioinformatics approach is extraordinarily powerful," said Dalerba. "We used it to search for biomarkers that could help us identify which colon tumors were likely to contain high numbers of stem-like cells."
Dalerba and Sahoo discovered that when the gene CDX2 is "off," another molecular marker of stem-like cells in colon tumors, called ALCAM, is always "on."
"We reasoned that colon tumors lacking CDX2 would likely contain a higher number of stem-like cells, and would therefore be more aggressive than CDX2-positive tumors," said Dalerba.
Next, the team analyzed a database of cancer gene expression from more than 2,000 patients with known treatment courses and outcomes. The team found that four percent of colon cancers lack CDX2. They then used the database to determine if there is an association between CDX2 status and patient outcomes.
By examining data on 466 patients with any stage of colon cancer, the team discovered that CDX2-negative tumors were associated with poorer prognosis. Forty-one percent of colon cancer patients with CDX2-negative tumors survived five years disease-free, as compared to 74 percent of patients with CDX2-positive colon tumors.
However, according to this study, treating CDX2-negative Stage II colon cancer patients with chemotherapy after surgery could improve their survival. Ninety-one percent of CDX2-negative Stage II colon cancer patients survived five years disease-free when they were treated with chemotherapy. In contrast, significantly fewer (56 percent) CDX2-negative Stage II colon cancer patients who did not receive chemotherapy survived five years disease-free.
"While promising, this study was retrospective, meaning we looked back at existing patient data. Before they can be applied to clinical practice, these results need to be confirmed by prospective, randomized clinical trials," Sahoo said.
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Additional study co-authors include Soonmyung Paik, NRG Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine; Xiangqian Guo, Stanford University and Medical School of Henan University; Greg Yothers, Nan Song, NRG Oncology; Nate Wilcox-Fogel, Erna Forgó, Pradeep S. Rajendran, Stephen P. Miranda, Shigeo Hisamori, Jacqueline Hutchison, Dalong Qian, George A. Fisher, Matt van de Rijn, Stanford University; Tomer Kalisky, Bar Ilan University; and Norman Wolmark, NRG Oncology, Allegheny General Hospital.
This research was funded, in part, by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, National Institutes of Health (NIH) (grants U54-CA126524, P01-CA139490 and R00-CA151673), Siebel Stem Cell Institute, The Thomas and Stacey Siebel Foundation, Virginia and D.K. Ludwig Fund for Cancer Research, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Defense (grant W81XWH-10-1-0500), Bladder Cancer Advocacy Network and a BD Biosciences 2011 Stem Cell Research Grant. The National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) was supported by NIH grants U24-CA114732, U10-CA37377, U10-CA180868, U10-CA180822, UG1-CA189867 and U24-CA196067.
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