How the Ebola scare stigmatized African immigrants in the US
The deadly Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa also took its toll socially on one of the fastest growing populations in the United States, African immigrants. Guy-Lucien Whembolua, a University of Cincinnati assistant professor of Africana studies, leads an analysis of national news coverage of the Ebola scare in a poster presentation on Nov. 2, at the 143rd American Public Health Association (APHA) Annual Meeting and Expo, in Chicago.
The examination reviewed reports in mainstream U.S. media related to African immigrants and the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). The search turned up 21 news articles that matched the criteria for the study – articles focusing on African immigrants in the U.S. and the Ebola virus.
The researchers found that these African immigrants experienced stigma similar to communities stigmatized by the AIDS epidemic in the '80s. "There was strong discrimination against homosexual men during the AIDS epidemic and laying blame on that population for the spread of the virus," says Whembolua. "Similarly, in the early stages of the Ebola Virus outbreak in West Africa and amid sensationalized reports, we found a fear linked with African immigrants around spreading the disease in the U.S. Some of these populations felt they had to hide their ethnicity in an effort to avoid the stigma."
As a result, Whembolua says particularly in New York where there's a high Liberian immigrant population, there was a great deal of shame in being associated with Liberia. "Children were teased in high school, or adults were the butt of jokes at work. People from Nigeria also were stigmatized by the Ebola scare, resulting in stress and hardships for these populations," says Whembolua.
The researchers add that understanding this stigma faced by African communities in the U.S. could help improve health promotion programs targeting immigrants. They emphasize that the outbreak highlights a need for research on infectious disease that's relatively unknown in the U.S. and the Western world.
"There's more to the high death rate from the Ebola Virus in West Africa than just the virus itself," says Whembolua. "These countries don't have the infrastructures to combat the virus, and most of the populations affected already have low immune systems as the result of living in an impoverished country."
A Pew Research Center analysis of U.S. Census Bureau data, reported last spring, found that the black immigrant population in the U.S. is more than four times the number it was in 1980, and rapid growth is expected to continue.
Future UC research involving focus groups with populations stigmatized by the Ebola scare is currently under development in collaboration with Binghamton University.
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Other researchers on the project include Donaldson Conserve, a postdoctoral research fellow at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Daudet Ilunga Tshiswaka, a graduate student in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois-Champaign; Muswamba Mwamba, a graduate student in the Gillings School of Global Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; and Michael Gaisie, an undergraduate student in the UC School of Human Services in the College of Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services.
Whembolua is program chair of the APHA's Caucus on Refugee and Immigrant Health and has served in that position since 2014. He is also director of UC's Africana Health Research Laboratory in the McMicken College of Arts and Sciences.
The American Public Health Association is the oldest and most diverse organization of public health professionals in the world and is dedicated to improving public health.
UC's Africana Studies Department in the McMicken College of Arts and Sciences is devoted to the academic study of the history, culture, health and politics of African, African-American, Afro-Latin, Afro-Caribbean and Afro-European populations.